INTELLIGENCE. 



they are young ; that we should not continue our instruc- 

 tion so long as to fatigue their mind ; and that we should 

 restrict, as far as possible, the associations which we bring 

 about in the mind of the horse to their own respective 

 results. Some men hit a horse with the whip, " job " 

 him in the mouth with the rein, or speak to him in exactly 

 the same way for whatever fault he may commit, and then 

 wonder why they fail to keep him in control. 



Intelligence and reason. — Consciousness is the begin- 

 ning of intelligence, which culminates in reasoning power. 

 The intelligence of the horse appears to me to be limited 

 to the power of profiting by experience obtained by 

 association of ideas formed from pleasurable or painful 

 trial. When the association of ideas is more or less com- 

 plex, there is hesitation and apparent reflection. Self- 

 control being a necessary consequence of consciousness, 

 animals sometimes control the promptings of instinct by 

 association of ideas gained from experience. Thus 

 the civilised dog or cat, on observing forbidden food, 

 will often appear to be in a dilemma ; on the one 

 side being urged to obey its instinct of hunger ; on the 

 other, being restrained, probably, by the idea that punish- 

 ment will follow the commission of theft. In obeying 

 pure instinct, there would be no hesitation. The dog 

 that has sinned in secret will often betray himself by his 

 guilty look and abashed behaviour. We may assume that 

 he, just as a man might do, yielded to the temptation 

 of instinct, and afterwards associated in his mind the idea 

 of chastisement with that of his sin. We may note, to a 



