i6 MENTAL QUALITIES OF THE HORSE. 



right or left, and thus to lighten my labour." We all, no 

 doubt, can easily call to mind many other instances of 

 mechanically advantageous results being obtained, even by 

 ourselves, automatically, and, consequently, without the 

 exercise of reasoning power. 



Experience proves that the intelligence of the horse is 

 small as compared to that of the ape, monkey, dog, or 

 elephant ; although his memory is as good, if not better 

 than theirs. Our great difficulty in teaching the horse 

 arises from his dulness in associating cause and effect. 



The chief difference between the mind of the horse and 

 that of man, is that instinct is far more highly developed, 

 and intelligence proportionately less developed, in him than 

 in us. His mind has, not very correctly, been compared 

 to that of a young child, whose instinct, however, is greatly 

 inferior to that of the horse, even if the child be in no way 

 superior to the horse in the matter of intelligence. 



Special instincts and senses. — The term, instinct of 

 self-preservation, is used to express a large number of 

 instincts which serve to nourish the animal's body and 

 to protect it from danger, for which duty we have love of 

 freedom or irnpatieitce of control, fear of snrronndijtgs, 

 anger or resentment against inflicted or threatened injuiy, 

 hostility, revenge, 8ic. As a horse's chief defence against 

 foes, when in a wild state, is flight ; one of the easiest 

 signals to make him understand is that of threatening 

 him from behind, with a driving whip, for instance, in 

 order to induce him to go forward. 



A horse shows his love of freedom by his tendency to 



