loo THEORY OF MOUTHING. 



Figs. 10 and ii), or like those used by London cabmen, 

 so as to prevent the corners of the mouth from being 

 hurt. 



I give Fig. 12 to show that a moderately tight standing 

 martingale will not interfere with the movements of a horse 

 even when jumping. The horse which I was riding on that 

 occasion was a bad star-gazer and very hard puller. Having 

 had a couple of lessons with the standing martingale, he 

 learned to bend his head to the rein, as we may see by the 

 fact of the martingale being loose. 



As . I have made the foregoing observations entirely 

 from a breaking point of view, I need hardly say that 

 we should teach our pupil to carry himself so well, that 

 on leaving our hands he would not require a martingale of 

 any kind. 



Bearing reins, running reins, side reins, and nose- 

 iDands. — With a horse which keeps his head too low down, 

 a bearing rein which makes him hold his head up to 

 the required height, without interfering with his mouth 

 (see page 185), is often of great help with the long reins. 

 When using them and when driving a horse in harness, I 

 have found no benefit from running reins or side reins, 

 especially when the pull they exert on the bars of the 

 mouth is, as is usually the case, below the centre of motion 

 of the neck (see page %%). The benefit of a noseband is 

 to prevent a horse " giving " to the pull of the reins only 

 with the lower jaw ; instead of also yielding with the joints 

 of the neck and with the joint which connects the head 

 with the neck. 



