323 



CHAPTER XI. 



FAULTS OF MOUTH. 



Boring — Pulling and running away — Throwing up the head and star- 

 gazing — Jibbing — Rearing — Shying — Running out to one side and 

 difficult to turn — " Keeping behind the bit," prancing, and "break- 

 ing " when wanted to walk or trot — Teaching pacers (amblers) to trot 

 — Carrying the hind-quarters, in the canter or gallop, outside the 

 line of progression, and refusing to lead except with one particular 

 fore leg — " Putting too much weight on the forehand " when 

 mounted — Plunging forward when starting in harness— Pulling 

 away from and hanging against the pole when in double harness. 



The classification of vices and faults adopted in this 

 and the following chapter is necessarily somewhat arbi- 

 trary, as their causes are more often complex than simple. 

 The arrangement adopted in both of these chapters has 

 been made solely for the sake of convenience. The fact 

 that all equine vices do not possess generally accepted 

 names has obliged me, in some cases, to sacrifice elegance 

 of expression to clearness of meaning. 



Boring. — When the horse has got into the habit of 

 carrying his head too low, we may get it into the correct 

 position by circling and turning him with the long reins 

 on foot (see page 183), while keeping the outward refn 

 on the driving pad, or while using a bearing-rein (see 



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