Ill] Papilionaceas 31 



Lupinidine = Sparteine (CigHaeNg). Many investigators {e.g. Kiihn at 

 Halle) held that lupinosis was not identified with the presence of lupine 

 alkaloids. Then, in 1883, Arnold and Schneidemiihl caused the disease 

 (lupinosis) in sheep with lupines freed from all alkaloids, and they 

 isolated from the seeds a substance they named Lupinotoxin, which 

 they found to be poisonous. The nature of the poison cannot yet be 

 said to be fully understood. The Lupine does not always appear to be 

 poisonous— only under certain conditions which are not too well defined. 

 One farmer had Lupines on the same soil for twelve years without ill 

 efiects when fed to sheep, and then of 450 sheep 120 were severely ill, 

 and 80 died; they had had unthrashed Lupine, not quite ripe, to the 

 extent of one-fourth of the ration. It is held to be definitely established 

 that the presence of this poison is due in turn to the presence of a 

 saprophytic fungus ; when the fungus is absent or only present in small 

 quantity the lupine is not at all or only slightly poisonous. 



Symptoms. The disease is either acute or chronic according to the 

 amount of poison ingested. Most writers describe the disease in sheep, 

 but symptoms given vary somewhat. 



In the acute form sheep become ill suddenly. There is loss of 

 appetite, dyspnoea, intense fever, hsematuria, circulatory and digestive 

 troubles, grinding of teeth and trembling, which may pass into spasmodic 

 contractions. Vertigo is sometimes present. Jaundice then appears 

 and is evidenced by the yellow colour of the mucous membranes. Tume- 

 faction of the eyelids, lips and ears is common, but not invariably present. 

 Micturition is frequent, but not abundant, and the urine contains 

 albumen ; the excrements are few and dry. There is collapse, and loss 

 of condition progresses rapidly, death occurring on the fourth to the 

 sixth day after the commencement of the illness. 



In the chronic form the interstitial hepatitis predominates. Tume- 

 faction of the head may also appear as in the acute form. Digestive 

 troubles indicate chronic gastro- enteritis. This condition lasts for from 

 15 to 20 days, during which the cephalic oedemse are eliminated by 

 gangrene and the animals remain listless and without appetite. The 

 illness in sheep is grave, and affected animals are rarely completely 

 cured. The mortality in other species does not seem to be less than in 

 sheep. (Cornevin.) 



In describing the acute form of lupinosis Pammel adds that the 

 initial temperature may be as high as 104° to 106° F., but that it is 

 intermittent and gradually falls just before death. The pulse may 

 reach 130 per minute and the respirations 100. A bloody froth may 



