50 A. D. 15 1 6. 



implacable enemies of Denmark : But as at this diftance of time we are 

 not well able to judge of the grovmds of many of their quarrels, fmce 

 both fides fet off their refpeftive caufes plaufibly, we (hall not deter- 

 mine thereupon, any farther than hiflorically to note, that the feizure 

 •produced an eight years war between them, till this year 1516 ; during 

 which fpace the city of Hamburgh alone carried on a trade with Nor- 

 way and Denmark, without any regard to Lubeck and the other Van- 

 dalic cities at war with that crown ; whereby, and by their trade with 

 England and the Netherlands, Hamburgh marvelloufly incrcafed in 

 wealth. [JVerdenhagen, refp. HnnJ. V. i, part 3, c. 17.] 



The commercial intercourfe between England, and Charles, fovereign 

 of the Netherlands, was renewed for five years to come ; when it was 

 .farther fl:ipulated, 



I) That the Englilh, carrying their merchandize to Antwerp, which 

 is in the province of Brabant, fliall not there be obliged to pay the 

 tolls of Zealand ; neither when they carry their merchandize to Ber- 

 gen-op-zoom *, or to Midclleburg, Ihall they be obliged to pay the tolls 

 of Brabant, but folely thofe of Zealand. 



IT) That the merchants of either country (hall not make by-laws and 

 ftatutes amongfl themfelves, for agreeing not to buy the goods of cer- 

 tain towns or perfons of the other country ; neither fliall either fide fet 

 a fixed price on the merchandize of the other fide, at their fairs and 

 markets, but all perfons ftiall be free on both fides, to buy and fell as 

 they beft can. 



Lafi:ly, Within one year from the date hereof, a formal congrefs fhall 

 be held, for terminating all complaints of the fubjeds of both princes, 

 either general or particular, relating to tolls, cufloms, the llaple, &c. 

 IFoedera, V. xiii, pp. 533, 539.] 



Thus were the traders of England and the Netherlands perpetually 

 :Complaining and treating about grievances ; and yet both parties fl;ill 

 found it their interefi; to go on trading with each other. 



This year put an end to the famous monarchy of the Mamelucs in 

 Egypt, after it had lafi;ed upwards of 300 years. It feems thatCampfon 

 Gaurus, their fifteenth monarch or fultan, had, about or foon after the 

 year 1501, unhappily joined with Ifmael, fophy of Perfia, againfl; Selim 

 I, the Turkifli emperor, who proved too hard for them both, and found 

 means to dethrone and kill Tonombeius, the fon of Campfon Gaurus. 

 The Mamelucs, however, made refifi:ance to the power of Selim for 

 fome years after ; yet he at length reduced, firfi, the port-towns of Sy- 

 ria, as Tripoli, Sidon, &c. and next the city of Damafcus. Laftly, 

 he reduced the entire country of Egypt, after taking the vafi: city of 

 Cairo, in the year 15 16. This was a great blow to the balance of power 



* In the original Berghes, which may perhaps be the Dutch name of Mona- 



