124 HARDY PERENNIAL PLANTS. 



growth than one would imagine; and in the absence of sun the condi- 

 tions are much more favorable than outdoors. If there are no means of 

 side ventilation provided, panes of glass should be removed to let in all 

 the air possible. The doors should also be kept open. 



Insects— The number of kinds which are troublesome are small, but 

 their representatives are numerous enough. There are several species of 

 Aphis, which attack the young shoots; these pests must be combated 

 with tobacco in any of its forms. Grasshoppers are also troublesome, 

 and they must be attended to individually. Caterpillars are best pre- 

 vented from appearing by catching the perfect insects in the shape of 

 moths and butterflies as they appear in the house. When the eggs hatch 

 hand picking is the only efficacious means of ridding the plants of the 

 caterpillars. 



Types or Races— The varieties common in gardens are divided into nu- 

 merous types. The principal ones are as follows: Anemone Type; this 

 has the flowers single (all Chrysanthemums have single flowers, but the 

 so-called single flowers have the outer florets as they grow in a natural 

 state; that is, having long strap-shaped or tubular florets, usually called 

 ray florets; the inner ones are shorter, more or less bell-shaped, yellow 

 in color, and are known as disc florets), with the disc florets raised in 

 the center. They are regarded more as ornamental garden plants. The 

 Pompon Type is not grown to the same extent in America as in Europe, 

 where they are principally used out-of-doors for early flowering. The 

 Chinese Incurved Type is much grown as a flowering plant indoors. 

 The florets curl gradually toward the center of the flower, forming a 

 globular head. The Japanese Incurved Type is less incurved than the 

 preceding, but few authorities agree as to where the line should be 

 drawn. The Reflexed Type, as commonly understood, has the florets 

 pointing away from the center of the flower head, or, as the word would 

 indicate, curled in the opposite direction to those of the incurved varie- 

 ties. The Japanese Types include the tubular and quilled varieties, but 

 the boundaries of this type are also continually shifting. 



Varieties— It would be useless to recommend a list for any particular 

 locality. Soils differ to such an extent that those which thrive in one 

 place may not turn out the same in another. Again, much depends on 

 the customers as to predilection in color, etc. Careful observation will 

 quickly suggest the best kinds to grow. Cultivators are usually loath 

 to discard a good sort, even though it is an old one. Many of the kinds 

 grown in England to-day originated 20 years ago; and in this country 

 many growers could not fill the places occupied by some of the kinds 

 they grew, which were raised early in the nineties. 



Raising New Varieties— There is nothing to hinder anyone from rais- 

 ing new varieties. The operation is of the simplest, and may be accom- 

 plished as successfully by the beginner as by those who have been 

 engaged at it for years. Seedling raising is simply chance work. To 

 go about the work take two good flowers of the same color, which for 

 some reason are desirable to blend, shorten the ray florets so as to have 

 the stigmas readily accessible. Transfer the pollen from the anthers of 



