Geological Society. 333 



as in Scotland and Northumberland. Thus, in the vicinity of Pen- 

 rith, near the junction of the Eden witli the Eamont and the Lowther, 

 are extensive moraines loaded with enormous blocks of porphyry and 

 slate, brought down, Dr. Buckland observes, by glaciers, which 

 descended from the high valleys on the east flanks of Helvellyii, and 

 in the mountains around Patterdale, into the lake of UUeswater 

 (considered to be then occupied by ice), and from the valleys by 

 which the tributaries of the Lowther descend from the east flank of 

 Martindale, from Haweswater and Mardale. A remarkable group 

 of these moraines is by the road side near Eden Hall four miles east 

 of Penritli ; and the detritus of moraines is stated to occupy the 

 greater part of the valley of the Eamont, from UUeswater to its 

 junction with the Eden. On the southern frontier of these moun- 

 tains in Westmoreland and Lancashire similar moraines occur on an 

 extensive scale. Thus, immediately below the gorge through which 

 the Kent descends from the mountains of Kentmere and Long Sled- 

 dale, many hundred acres of the valley of Kendal are covered with 

 large and lofty insulated piles of gravel; and smaller moraines, or 

 their detritus, nearly fill the valley from Kendal to Morecombe Bay. 

 Five miles north-east of Kendal, on the high road from Shap, on the 

 shoulder of the mountain in front of the valley of Long Sleddale, and 

 at an elevation of 500 feet, a group of moraines occupies about 200 

 acres, and is distinguished from the adjacent slate rocks by a superior 

 fertility. On the south of Kendal, the high roads from Burton and 

 Milnthorpe to Lancaster, pass for the greater part over moraines or 

 their detritus ; and Lancaster Castle, placed in front of the vomitory 

 of the Lune, is stated to stand on a mixed mass of glacial debris, 

 probably derived from the valley of the Lune. The districts of Fur- 

 ness, Ulverston, and Dalton are extensively covered with deep de- 

 posits of glacier origin, derived from the mountains surrounding the 

 upper ends of Windermere and Coniston lakes ; and they contain a 

 large admixture of clay, in consequence of the slaty nature of many 

 of the mountains. A capping of till and gravel, thirty to forty feet 

 thick, overlies the great vein of haematite near Ulverston. The nu- 

 merous boulders upon the Isle of Walney also indicate the progress 

 of the moraines from Windermere and Coniston to the north-west 

 extremity of Morecombe Bay. 



Dr. Buckland was prevented from personally examining, during his 

 late tour, the south-west and west frontiers of the Cumberland 

 mountains, but he conceives that many of the conical hillocks laid 

 down on Fryer's large map of Cumberland, in the valley of the 

 Duddon, at the south base of Harter Fell, are moraines ; that some 

 of the hillocks in the same map on the right of the Esk, at the east 

 and west extremities of Muncaster Fell, are also moraines formed by 

 a glacier which descended the west side of Sea Fell ; and that many 

 of the hillocks near the village of Wastdale were formed by moraines 

 descending westward. Dr. Buckland is likewise convinced that 

 moraines exist near Church in the Valley ; also between Crummoch 

 Water and Lorton, in the valley of the Cocker ; and near Isle, in 

 the valley by which the Derwent descends from Bassenthwaite lake 



