214, Miscellaneous. 
of arms, and consequently refers it to the Crinoidea. M. Vollborth 
saw these tentacula once only ; no one else has seen them. ‘They 
are placed on the lip of the mouth; the arms of the Crinoidea how- 
ever are really never placed there ; the apertures which our speci- 
men exhibits on the lip, moreover, are so small, that they could 
only have allowed the passage of very small tentacles. And worse 
than all, what a huge ovarian aperture! No crinoid ever had 
such. M. Vollborth continually calls it the anus of the animal, not 
considering that in all such animals the anus is situated very near 
the mouth, never in the deeper-seated parts; in fact, in Pentremites 
it is in the mouth itself. But in Spheronites and Cryptocrinites this is 
still more striking; in both, at the point of the five valves which 
close the ovarian aperture, there are five openings, just as in the mi- 
nute ovarian plates of the Cidarites and other Echinodermata. Who 
will hereafter seek in them for cloacal excretions ? 
The Cystidee are essentially distinguished from the Crinoidea by 
these ovarian apertures; this M. Von Buch states that he shall al- 
ways maintain, and to have explained it is certainly of some service. 
— Leonhard and Bronn’s Jahrbuch fiir Geologie, &c. 
ON THE ORIGIN OF INFUSORIA AND MUCOR. 
In the ‘ Ann. des Sci. Nat.’ 1845, Zool. p. 182, Dr. M. F. Pineau 
describes the first origin of infusoria and of mould, which resemble 
one another so much on their first appearance, that it is impossible 
to determine what will become an infuscrium, what a mould. We 
shall here merely communicate one of the cases relating to the man- 
ner in which Penicillium glaucum is formed; as in the other cases 
enumerated, the observer could not follow the originating mould to 
its perfect development, and was consequently unable to determine it. 
An infusion of bread exhibited up to the sixth day at a tempera- 
ture of 10° to 12° R. the appearance of a considerable production of 
Bacterium Termo, Vibrio lineola and Monas lens. Soon after this pe- 
riod acid fermentation commenced, when all these animals died, and 
the liquid became covered with a uniform granular pellicle. The 
surface of the piece of bread was also covered with granulations, and 
numerous particles, more or less in the granular state, were seen 
floating about in the water. On the following day traces of a sepa- 
ration in the form of a network with polyangular meshes 0°003 mil- 
limeters broad were noticed in the granular mass covering the sur- 
face. A similar formation of small globules also tock place in the 
granular substance on the bread. After twelve hours these globules 
possessed well-defined outlines and began to assume an oval form. 
Small isclated patches consisting of considerably larger oval globules, 
difficult to separate from one another, likewise floated about. A few 
hours afterwards the liquid contained a number of micodermic glo- 
bules which had evidently originated from the above patches; these 
globules now expanded into filaments and formed the Penicillium 
glaucum. In the same manner this Penicillium likewise formed on 
milk; but the author could not observe what Turpin has said re- 
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