466 Botanical Notices from Java. 
agreeably surprised by the appearance of a European species of 
rush. It was Typha angustifolia, in appearance quite identical 
with the European narrow-leaved Typha, which grows here in luxu- 
riant abundance between the klaga, and whose light brown heads 
waving to and fro reminded us forcibly of home. The Japanese, 
who give a particular name to every small plant, had none for this 
one; they had never seen it, and only a few, who lived in villages in 
this district, appeared to know it. How does this European plant come 
here upon the volcanic district which has only been formed fourteen 
years, and over which no traveller has since that time passed ? 
The ground now rose gradually steeper, became drier, and was 
covered with layers of loose stone and rocks, which were here and 
there covered with groups of young angring-trees (Celtis montana, J.). 
Tree-like Urticee also grow here, and alternate with patches of klaga, 
which had as yet not lost any of their luxuriance. At that part 
where, at the entrance to the large crater, the land rises remarkably, 
there commences a. peculiar forest vegetation, filling the entire cavity 
(several miles in breadth), which gradually rises and becomes more 
narrow towards W.N.W. It consists of young trees, seldom ex- 
ceeding thirty feet in height, of the families of Urticee, Artocarpee, 
Magnoliacee, and others, which occasionally alternate with bamboos, 
forming a leafy vaulted shade. Numerous tree-ferns, thirty feet 
high, are scattered among them, and Arotdee, Musacee and Sci- 
iamineé blossom in their shade. But there are still many patches 
of klaga which interrupt the continuous extent of the little woods, 
and reach high up into the crater. Thus the thicket is composed 
of young trees, shrubs and species of reeds, which fill up the hilly 
uneven ground of the crater, intersected with numerous clefts, and 
only become thinner and more scattered beneath a hill which runs 
like a wall straight across the highest point of the crater. 
It is interesting to see what giant steps vegetation has made in 
the short space of fourteen years. We find this new volcanic tract, 
from the plains at Tassik-malayo up to the hollow of the crater, a 
height of 3700 feet, overgrown with the most luxuriant and dense 
vegetation, formed of Typha angustifolia (?), Saccharum Klaga, and 
a species of Eguisetum in the lower region, but higher up of tree- 
ferns and trees of the families of Urticee and Artocarpee, interlaced 
with numerous Scitaminee (Hlettaria, Amomum, &c.) and Liane. 
Some trees have already attained a height of fifty feet. This luxu- 
ylance is the more striking, when we compare other mountains ; for 
example the Merapi, the higher parts of which (although more than 
fourteen years have elapsed since its last eruption) are not yet clothed 
with vegetation. But these tracts lie at a greater height than 5000 
feet, whilst those (of the Galungung) belong to the warmer region, 
where nature is more luxuriant and active; these consist of debris of 
bare rocks, covered with lapilli of trachyte and pumice-stone, whilst 
those of the Galungung were flooded with a fruitful blackish mud. 
In the rhinoceros-paths mentioned above, the Japanese are accus- 
tomed to kill these animals by fixing in the earth sickle-shaped 
knives, so that the belly of the animal, sliding along the ground, is 
ripped up by them when it passes that way. 
