24 INTRODUCTION 



exclusively in terms of the action of a single force 

 — fire. Then followed the theories of an opposing 

 school who saw all the earth's formations to be 

 the result of water. Any Biology, any Sociology, 

 any Evolution, which is based on a single factor, 

 is as untrue as the old Geology. It is only when 

 both the Struggle for Life and the Struggle for the 

 Life of Others are kept in view, that any scientific 

 theory of Evolution is possible. Combine them, 

 contrast them, assign each its place, allow for their 

 inter-actions, and the scheme of Nature may be 

 worked out in terms of them to the last detail. 

 All along the line, through the whole course of 

 the development, these two functions act and 

 react upon one another ; and continually as they 

 co-operate to produce a single result, their specific 

 differences are never lost. 



The first, the Struggle for Life, is, throughout, 

 the Self-regarding function; the second, the Other- 

 regarding function. The first, in lower Nature, 

 obeying the law of self-preservation, devotes its 

 energies to feed itself; the other, obeying the law 

 of species-preservation, to feed its young. While 

 the first develops the active virtues of strength 

 and courage, the other lays the basis for the passive 

 virtues, sympathy, and love. In the later world 

 one seeks its end in personal aggrandizement, the 



