THE STRUGGLE FOR THE LIFE OF OTHERS 309 



increasing clearness the universality of its reci- 

 procities. 



But to return to the more direct effects of Re- 

 production. After creating Others there lay before 

 Evolution a not less necessary task — the task of 

 uniting them together. To create units in inde- 

 finite quantities and scatter them over the world 

 is not even to take one single step in progress. 

 Before any higher evolution can take place these 

 units must by some means be brought into relation 

 so as not only to act together, but to react upon 

 each other. According to well-known biological 

 laws, it is only in combinations, whether of atoms, 

 cells, animals, or human beings, that individual 

 units can make any progress, and to create such 

 combinations is in every case the first condition 

 of development. Hence the first commandment 

 of Evolution everywhere is " Thou shalt mass, 

 segregate, combine, grow large." Organic Evol- 

 ution, as Mr. Herbert Spencer tells us, " is pri- 

 marily the formation of an aggregate." No doubt 

 the necessities of the Struggle for Life tended 

 in many ways to fulfil this condition, and the 

 organization of primitive societies, both animal and 

 human, are largely its creation. Under its influence 

 these were called together for mutual protection and 

 mutual help ; and Co-operations induced in this 



