CH. X STONE PAVEMENT 1 75 



pavement is balanced by that of breaking all the 

 stone small. 



Although country roads, paved with stone, or, as 

 in Holland, with brick, are common on the Conti- 

 nent of Europe, they are not used in America ; but 

 for cities where the traffic is heavy, stone pave- 

 ments, apart from their noisiness, have many good 

 qualities. The following extract, from a paper pre- 

 pared by the present writer, as a member of a com- 

 mittee of The Coaching Club, to be submitted to 

 the authorities of the city of New York, in 1884, 

 describes a good method of their construction : — 



' The proper conditions of a paved city street, as 

 ' indicated by the experience of the engineer and of 

 ' the driving expert, may be stated as follows : 



' The subsoil on which the paving is to be laid, if 

 ' not naturally porous, must be thoroughly drained 

 ' to a depth of at least four feet. A sewer, the 

 ' crown of which is pervious to moisture, will usu- 

 ' ally effect this purpose, but there are grave ob- 

 jections to any leaks from or into a sewer, owing 

 ' to the danger of the escape of noxious gases ; and 

 ' some simple system of special drainage similar to 

 ' that used in farming land is preferable. 



1 The surface of the subsoil should be carefully 

 'graded and consolidated, so as to insure that no 

 ' water reaching it can stand in puddles upon it, 

 ' or that any portion can settle below the grade 

 ' originally given to it. The best method of consoli- 

 ' dation is by the use of a rather narrow steam roller. 



