CH. XIV TURNING AND BACKING $57 



swing-reins require pointing, it is done in their 

 proper spaces. In fact, usually only the lead and 

 wheel horses are driven ; the swing horses follow in 

 their proper places, of necessity, although in making 

 sharp turns they sometimes require guiding. 



For six-horse driving the leaders must work 

 evenly and be quite free, since they cannot be 

 reached by the whip. In making a turn they must 

 be held back somewhat, but, if a chain is used be- 

 tween the swing horses instead of a pole (see p. 

 278), they must not be so held back as to permit the 

 bars to drop too low. 



When more than four horses are required, three 

 harnessed abreast on the lead, with two at the wheel, 

 will do nearly as much work as three pairs, because 

 more easily handled. 



Turning and Backing. — The space in which a 

 coach and four horses can be turned, depends on 

 the angle at which the fore carriage will lock, and 

 on the length of the perch. The angle of lock is that 

 made by the pole with the centre line of the coach, 

 when the front wheel is turned as far as it will go 

 against the body, or against the stop which prevents 

 it from touching the body. In a coach, it is usually 

 about twenty degrees, rarely as much as twenty-two. 

 The larger it is, the smaller the circle in which the 

 coach will turn. 



As breaks are built of many different patterns, 

 their angles of lock vary, but they usually lock much 



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