3J6 OLD METHODS CH. XV 



and the croup turned out by the pressure of the 

 inside leg, until the horse moved nearly sideways, 

 his fore legs being" at or near the centre of the 

 circle. In this way his hind legs were supplied, and 

 he became much more responsive to the demands 

 of his rider. This movement is called shoulder in. 

 The next movement was that of croup to the wall 

 (the work was assumed to be done in a riding- 

 house) ; in this movement, the horse, with his hind- 

 quarters turned to the wall and his body nearly at 

 right angles to it, was moved sideways by the spur, 

 while his head was turned by the rein to look 

 slightly in the direction toward which he was going. 

 These two movements constituted the whole edu- 

 cation of the horse for ordinary purposes ; the use 

 of the pillars, for teaching the l airs' of the ' high 

 school,' such as the croupade, the ballotade, &c, are 

 outside the limits of our present subject. 



To a certain extent, the same results are obtained 

 by all the methods, and the advocates of the older 

 ones contend that the horse is not restrained in his 

 forward action by them as he is by training under 

 the Baucher system. But the old method required, 

 from the first, that the trainer should be an accom- 

 plished and determined horseman, because he en- 

 countered difficulties which one less experienced 

 could not overcome, and much was left to his tact 

 in using means the exact effect of which he imper- 

 fectly understood ; whereas, Baucher has laid down 

 every step with accuracy. As a fact, the horses 



