190 DRAWINGS FOR PUBLICATION [Ch. VI 



A great many good hints can be found by studying the illustrations 

 in well-printed books and in scientific journals, especially those 

 dealing with the subject in which one is interested. 



§ 299. Outlining and inking in. — In making drawings two steps 

 are necessary for all but the most expert: (i) getting the outlines 

 and main details in pencil, and (2) inking the outlines and details. 



For the outlining one or more of the helps described above will be 

 found almost indispensable. For the inking in the draughtsman 

 should have the actual object for constant reference so that the 

 representation may be accurate. The final work in inking is almost 

 always done with a right line pen, free-hand, and of course in a good 

 light and convenient position. If one would make colored pictures 

 it is best to get the guidance and criticism of an expert. 



One should keep in mind the way to make the picture erect when 

 using any of the helps described (§ 277-284). 



§ 300. Size of drawings. — For most draughtsmen it is wise to 

 make the drawings two or three times the size of the final cut for 

 publication. It is easier to make the details clear, and then little 

 defects are minimized by the reduction. The photo-engraver can 

 make the cut any desired reduction, but one should remember that 

 the lines should be heavy enough for the reduction desired, otherwise 

 the finest details are liable to be lost. 



§ 301. Reduction. — There is some confusion as to the meaning 

 of reduction in the minds of authors. For the engraver this term 

 has a perfectly definite significance. It is linear measure, and never 

 area or solid measure, that he considers. For example, if the en- 

 graver is directed to make the cut half the size of the drawing he 

 will make every line half the length of the corresponding line in the 

 drawing. The area will then be one-fourth that of the drawing. 

 If the cut is to be reduced to one-fourth the drawing, each line will 

 be only one-fourth the length of the original, and the area will be 

 one-sixteenth that of the drawing (fig. 116). 



§ 302. Lettering drawings. — After the drawings are finished the 

 details must be indicated in some way. This may be by having the 

 full name of the part, an easily intelligible abbreviation, or a letter 

 or a numeral upon or near it (fig. 106). 



