76 BOTANY OF MICHIGAN 



seen. After the removal of the timber, the hardwood lands are being 

 used successfully for farming purposes. There are large tracts of burned 

 over ground which now are covered mostly with the wild red cherry, 

 not generally with poplars and white birch as is so often the case in the 

 Lower Peninsula. At present it generally appears throughout that if 

 the country were left to itself, it would ultimately return to its former 

 forest covering. 



Streams and Small Lakes 



The Manistique River with its branches is the only stream of any 

 importance, its source being Manistique Lake, lying between Luce 

 County and the northwestern part of Mackinac County. It is a very 

 winding and swift-running stream, evidently having changed its bed 

 many times. Three interior lakes not far from the Lake Michigan shore, 

 Indian Lake, McDonald Lake, and Gulliver Lake, are worthy of men- 

 tion. Many smaller lakes and permanent ponds were noticed through- 

 out the county. 



Shores and Beaches of the Two Great Lakes 



The shores of these lakes are from 40 to nearly 50 miles apart, on a 

 straight north and south line. In many ways they are much alike, 

 especially the sandy beaches, and have many like characteristic plants. 

 Among those common on both shores may be mentioned: Equisetum 

 variegatum, Juniperus communis depressa, Juniperus horizontolis, 

 Calamovilfa lonyifolia, Ammophila arenaria, Agropyron dasystachyum, 

 Elymus canadensis, Scirpus occidentalism Scirpus americanus, Smilacina 

 stellata, Salix glaucophylla, Salix syrticola, Cakile edentula, Potentilla 

 anserina, Lathyrus maritimus, Hudsonia tomentosa (or the variety), 

 Solidago randii, Tanacetum huronense, Artemisia caudata, Cirsium 

 pitcheri. 



Plants Worthy of Special Mention 



Beech, yellow birch, and sugar maple are the dominant trees of the 

 hardwoods, mingled in various proportions. Scattered among these 

 are large American elms, striped maple, white birch, mountain maple, 

 ironwood, hemlock, balsam, red maple, and mountain ash. Tamarack, 

 abundant throughout in tamarack-black spruce swamps, is being at- 

 tacked and killed by the saw-fly, an insect pest from Europe. The black 

 spruce of these swamps is usually small. White spruce is scattering and 

 often being attacked by the dwarf mistletoe. White cedar is apparently 

 scarce at the present time. Two species of oak, bur oak and swamp 

 white oak, the latter often called locally "blue oak, " were noticed as 

 occasional along streams, and red oak, usually quite small, on open 

 sandy ground and on sand dunes. Specimens of oak from Grand Island 

 were sent to Prof. C. S. Sargent and he pronounced them to be Quercus 



