SHIRAS EXPEDITIONS TO WHlTEFISli I'OINT. 115 



of these is the red cedar [Junipenis virginiana). Many mosses and 

 Uchens were present here; the latter including some long pendant forms 

 that made festoons among dead tree branches. 



The low ground l)etween the sand ridges has a large variety of plants, 

 which are chiefly hydrophytic. In the small lakes, extensive carpets 

 of stonewort (Characeae) are found in some ])laces; in others, Avater 

 weeds {Elodea canadensis) grew in patches on the bottom. Pond- 

 weeds thrived in the deeper parts of the lakes. Of these there are the 

 oblong-leaved forms {Po'.amogeton lucens and /-*. natans) and the narrow, 

 linear-leaved, grass-lik(> pondweeds {Potamogeton rutilis and /'*. hetero- 

 phyllus), commonly pioducing grayish green tufts up from the bottom. 

 In places there are also many water milfoils (Alyriophyllum sp.) and 

 bladderworts {Utricidaria intermedia and U. vulgaris americana). 

 Yellow water lilies {Nymphaea americana) form patches of varying ex- 

 tent. Distinct zonal arrangements of pondweeds and water lilies are 

 not present in these "lakes, the plants occurring in irregular patches; 

 indeed, waten- plants are not a conspicuous feature of these bodies of 

 water, for, in most places, rooted plants are absent and the bottom is 

 composed of loose muck or hard sand, neither of which appears favor- 

 able for rooted acjuatic plants. Considerable algae were found in a 

 number of places, but like the seed plants, were not generally dis- 

 tributed. They mostly form gelatinous masses {Nostoc sp., Anabaena 

 sp., and Rivularia sp.) or green, floating scums, with filaments of 

 several species intermixed, but with those of Spirogyra fluviatilis and 

 Zygnema sp. predominating. Green tufts of Vaucheria filaments grew 

 on the bottom at some stations. 



Extensive sedge growths bo/der the marsh lakes almost everywhere. 

 In places the plants are in clumps so it is impossible to find a line sepa- 

 rating lake and marsh (Plate XIX). Some plants taken from a typical 

 shore growth proved to be Carex lanuginosa, Dulichium arundinaceimi, 

 and Eleocharis sp. Much moss, including Sphagnum, grows about the 

 ba,ses of the sedges in the wet marshes, as well as pitcher plants (Sar- 

 racenia purpurea) and cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus). The latter is 

 proi:)agated in the Whitefish Point region and forms a very i)rofitable 

 industry there. A low shrub {Myrica (rale) thrives in large numl)ers 

 in zones and patches about the edges of the lakes as well as in other 

 parts of the marsh region. This i)lant is shown in Plates XVIII, XX 

 and XXI. No attemj^t was made to identiify all the marsh plants, and 

 only a few other conspicuous ones will be mentioned. These are: 

 cat-tails {Typlia latifolia), blue flags (Iris versicolor), arrows head 

 {Sagittaria sp.), bulrush {Scirpus validus), Cassandra {Chamaedaphne 

 sp.), smart weed (Polygonum Muhlenbcrgii), bur-reed [Sparganium 

 eurycarpum), marsh bluebell {Campanula aparinoides), marsh five- 



