130 PAPERS ON ZOOLOGY OF MICHIGAN. 



Shallow Water Areas; about three feet and under 



Without higher plants (barren shoal) 



With stonewort association 



With water-weed (JElodea) association 



With pondweed association 



With dense gro^\i:h of submerged aquatic plants, a number of kinds 

 forming a complex association 



With thick deposit of muck over a sandy bed; no higher plants 



With sweet gale (Myrica) association 



With water-lily (Nyjiiphaea) association 

 Marsh Area, sedge, gale association 



With shallow water about plant bases 



With beaver channels and pools 

 Wooded Shore. 

 Outlet Streams. 



Examples of the above-listed types of fish habitats in the marsh 

 lakes, so far as they were examined, are here described in detail. 



Deep Water Areas without Vegetation. This type of fish habitat 

 is poorh' represented in the small lakes, for most of the water is less than 

 four feet deep. Where it is considerably more than this, from about 

 five to seven feet, it is called deep water. The channel of Vermilion 

 Lake (Station 25, Plate XXIIIB) is in vaany places of this depth with the 

 bottom of hard sand. No collections were made in the channel, but 

 from the boat only a few large perch were seen. Apparently there were 

 no minnows or other small fish. It is likely that these are poor feeding 

 places and used by fish chiefly as highways. Fish lingering here would 

 be much exposed to the attacks of pikes, which undoubtedly^ frequent 

 regions of this tj^pe; some huge ones were seen in this channel and other 

 deep parts of the marsh lakes. A large sculpin was caught in a place 

 of this character by N. A. Wood. 



Deep Water Areas ^^^th much Vegetation. Some deeper parts of 

 the channel of Vermilion Lake (Plate XXIIIA) had man}' water lilies 

 forming patches. Scarcel}^ any fish, except a few very small ones, about 

 an inch in length, and a few large perch were seen about these. At the 

 east end of this channel. Station 24, there is a region where the water is 

 five or six feet deep and where much fine-leaved pondweed grows. The 

 area is roughly circular and about a hundred feet in diameter with gale 

 and sedge-formed shores and an island of gale near its center. A nearly 

 submerged pile of beaver-cut wood lies against this. The bottom is of 

 hard, yellow sand. This depression was undoubtedly dug out by 

 beavers. Large perch frequented this place; and they were easily 

 caught with a hook baited with leeches. On one occasion a huge pike, 



