THE ROSE, POME, AND DRUPE FAMILY. 495 



perfumes. The double-flowered varieties of R. centifolia (Cab- 

 bage or Provence), R. indica (China or Monthly), R. canina t 

 var. Bonrboniana, and others, are largely grown in our gardens, 

 hybrids innumerable having been obtained and cross-fertilised 

 with other varieties. Thousands of seedling Roses are raised 

 in the Continental rose-gardens every year, and in this country 

 many of the finest show Roses have been obtained from seed. 

 At least fifty species of Roses are known, some of these as 

 R. rugosa, R, Regeliana, R. bracteata, R. sempervirens (ever- 

 green), R. alpina, R. damascena, R. moschata (Musk Rose), 

 and others being more beautiful from an artistic point of 

 view than the Bourbons, Teas, Noisettes, Hybrid China, Hy- 

 brid Perpetual, Boursault, Climbing, and other cross-bred or 

 florists' varieties. For an extended account of the species and 

 varieties of Roses, see J. Lindley's Rosarum monographia ; 

 1 Botanical History of Roses,' with coloured plates ; W. Paul's 

 'Rose Garden' (5th edition); S. Hibberd's ' Amateur's Rose 

 Book;' S. R. Hole's 'A Book about Roses;' and 'Cranston on 

 the Rose.' 



Roses are propagated on their own roots by seeds, layers, 

 cuttings, or suckers; and on stocks by grafting in heat from 

 November to February, or budding in the open air in June, 

 July, and August. 



The stocks used for Roses are the wild or seedling Brier, R. 

 canina ; the Italian wild Rose or Manetti, propagated by cut- 

 tings of the stem in July, August, and September ; and cuttings 

 of the roots at any season. Seedlings raised from cultivated 

 varieties are often more vigorous than their parents, and make 

 excellent stocks. Roots of the wild Brier planted in trenches 

 in the spring throw up clean growth and make excellent stocks 

 for dwarf Roses of all kinds. Rosa indica (China), or R. quatre- 

 saison of the French nurseries, is largely used as a stock for new 

 varieties, and answers well for grafting in heat. One and a 

 half year old seedling Briers form excellent stocks for dwarf 

 Roses. Mr R. Smith of Worcester propagates 30,000 to 

 40,000 Tea Roses every season, by grafting them on Manetti 

 stocks in heat. The operation is begun in November, and 

 many of the plants flower in pots the following May. Stocks 

 of the Manetti grown in pots may be splice-grafted through- 

 out the winter and spring (see Grafting). Roots of the 

 Manetti, Dog-rose, or any other variety, may be used as 

 stocks, and worked in heat in the winter or spring. Pieces 

 4 to 5 inches in length, with a few young fibres, are best, 

 and these can be crown or splice grafted and potted off at 

 once, after which plunge them in cocoa-nut fibre or tan in 



