172 THE GRAPE CULTURIST. 



Tines in this country, nor is there any necessity for eve/ 1 

 having any, because there are better plans in use ; but 

 t^Lere is no reason why our indigenous varieties may not 

 be dwarfed as well as the European kinds. Fig. 60 

 shows one of the old vines of Europe. This vine repre- 

 sents what is termed "head pruning;" the vine being 

 pruned in close to the stump every year, and the acces- 

 sory buds are mainly depended upon for producing the 

 bearing canes. 



Fig. 61 shows another form, which is called "buck 

 pruning." The head is allowed to divide into several 

 parts, thereby allowing it to produce more fruit than 

 upon those that are pruned to one head. This is an old 

 Hungarian mode, and it is still practiced in many parts 

 of Europe. 



If the reader will refer to Figs. 44, 45 and 50 he can 

 see, at a glance, the improvements which have been 

 made in the form of training the vine, from the days of 

 the ancient Romans down to the present time. And it 

 will be readily seen that they are all founded upon the 

 same principle, the only difference being that the top of 

 the vine is extended more in one than in the other. 

 They are all pruned on the renewal system that is, all 

 the young shoots are cut back every year. 



Within the range of these four plans and their vari- 

 ations are comprised all the successful systems that have 

 ever been invented. The head pruning is practiced 

 upon the poorest of soils, and the buck pruning on soils 

 that are only moderately rich, and the other two upon 

 rich soils, and with the strongest growing varieties. 



There is, however, a system of training in use in 

 Lombardy that differs from any of those given ; but it 

 should not be called an artificial system, because the 

 vines are allowed to grow upon trees, as they would in 

 their wild state, no particular method of training or 

 pruning being adopted. The vines bear as well as they 



