226 THE GBAPE CULTUKIST. 



attract flies, bees, wasps and similar insects. Later in 

 the season the lice pass from the leaves to the branches 

 of the trees, usually locating on the underside, where 

 they will be slightly sheltered from storms. On grape- 

 vines they usually cluster near the lateral twigs on the 

 large annual canes, but sometimes on the older stems. 



Kerosene emulsion will destroy these Cottony Scales, 

 and the best time to apply it is in the fall, soon after the 

 fruit is gathered, and repeat the application in spring, 

 just before the vines begin to grow. All the wood 

 pruned from infested vines should be burned, and not 

 used for propagation. 



The Grape-Leaf Louse (Phylloxera Vastatrix). 

 Long before the first edition of this work appeared the 

 cultivators of our native varieties of the grape had occa- 

 sionally noticed small galls on the leaves, but most fre- 

 quently on those of the Clinton. These galls, however, 

 attracted very little attention, probably because they did 

 not seem to seriously interfere with the growth of the 

 plants ; besides, they were not constant ; some seasons 

 being very abundant, then again almost, or quite, disap- 

 pearing. It was not until the year 1856 that we find 

 any published reference to these galls, and this appeared 

 in the first annual report of the late Dr. Asa Fitch, the 

 State entomologist of New York. Dr. Fitch merely 

 refers (p. 158) to the "grape-leaf louse," to which he 

 gave the name of Pemphigus vitifolice, and says "that 

 it inhabits galls upon the margin of the leaves." " They 

 are of a red, or pale yellow color, and their surface is 

 somewhat uneven and woolly. They are met with the 

 fore part of June, having only the wingless females 

 enclosed within them." 



He again refers to this insect in his third report, 

 but in such a brief and vague manner that it is evident 

 that he really knew very little of the habits of a pest 

 which was soon to destroy many thousands of acres of 

 the old and long established vineyards of Europe. 



