INSECT ENEMIES OF THE GRAPE. 229 



lives in galls on the leaves ; the other, called radicicola, 

 on the swellings, or galls of the roots. In and about 

 these root-galls winged and wingless lice of both sexes, 

 also the eggs and larvae, are to be found, on infested 

 vines during the summer and autumn months; in fact, 

 these pests appear to reach their most perfect stage 

 among the roots. Those inhabiting the leaf -galls, being 

 females only, and, like other species of the Apliidce, 

 increase by parthenogenetic maternity for several gener- 

 ations in succession ; that is, every egg laid by the 

 mother louse brings forth a fertile female, and this pro- 

 cess continues until all the leaves on the vines are de- 

 stroyed, or the cool weather checks growth ; the late, or 

 last generation of lice seek the roots, where they hiber- 

 nate, either in the egg or larvae stage. 



During the rapid and forced propagation of the Amer- 

 ican varieties of the grape, which began about 1858, and 

 continued during the following ten years, the Phylloxera 

 was widely distributed and flourished on nearly all slow- 

 growing and enfeebled vines. In 1865 I planted a spec- 

 imen vineyard of some two hundred varieties, and a 

 large number came from lona Island, and some from 

 other establishments where propagating under glass was 

 practiced, and, as a result, the Phylloxera was intro- 

 duced and appeared to thrive on all the hybrids and 

 most of the varieties not adapted to my soil and climate. 

 When Prof. Planchon came to this country to investi- 

 gate the Phylloxera, in 1872, under the auspices of the 

 French government, he spent a day in examining the 

 vines in my grounds, and, as I had concluded to destroy 

 my specimen vineyard, I allowed him to dig up as many 

 vines as he wished to examine, and, I will say, we found 

 root-galls in great abundance. The following year I 

 dug up and burned every one of the two hundred varie- 

 ties and set a new plantation, using only healthy plants. 



I have employed no remedies or preventives, and 

 now, after twenty years, can say that no pure native 



