128 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



March, 



or Alders between, to be cut out after a few 

 years, will give a better early effect. Still, 

 if the writer thought that in any case the 

 cutting out would be neglected later, he 

 would never recommend such a course. A 

 rich soil and high culture are wonderful fac- 





J<li£t. 3. A tree grown without crowding. See No. 6. 



tors in so pushing ahead tree growth, that a 

 newly planted place will soon look well em- 

 bellished. 



Following is a schedule of distances for 

 planting, the larger figures having regard to 

 planting under high culture and fertility, 

 the others to conditions less favorable. 

 7. Distitnccs apart for fruit trees. 



Apple.— Standard 30 to 40 feet; Standard, close 

 pruned or in rather dry soil, 25 feet; Pyramids on 

 Apple stock, 15 feet; Dwarf Standards on Doucain 

 stock, 10 feet; Dwarfs on Paradise stock, 6 to 8 

 feet. 

 Apricots— 16 to 18 feet, 



Blackberries— 3 feet apart in rows 8 feet apart. 

 Cherries— Standard, 18 to 20 feet; Pyramids on 

 common stock, 15 by 15 feet. Pyramids on Maha- 

 leb stock Dwarls, and Morellos, 10 to 15 feet. 

 Currants — i to 5 feet. 

 Gooseberries— 4 to 5 feet. 



Grapes— Moderate growers, 6 to 8 feet, strong, 

 10 to 15 feet. 



Nectai-ines- 16 to 18 

 feet. 



Peaches — 12 to 15 

 feet; on Plum stock, 



9 feet. 

 Pears— Standards, 15 



to 25 feet; Pyramids, 

 15 feet; Dwarfs on 

 Quince, 10 to 12 feet. 



Plums — Standards, 

 15 feet; Pyramids, 8 to 



10 feet. 

 Quinces— 6 to 8 feet. 

 Raspberries— 3 to 4 



feet by 4 to 6 feet. 



Strawberries — flill 

 culture, 15 to 18 in- 

 ches; In matted rows, 

 1 foot apart in rows, 

 3 feet. 



8 — Distance apart 

 for ornamental 

 trees and shrubs. 

 Elms, 35 to 40 feet. 

 Oak and Horse 

 Chestnut, 30 to 35 feet. 

 Pig. i. What crowding Maples, Pine and 

 does to disfigure trees, forest trees generally. 

 The sketch w a fair sped- 25 to 30 feet. 

 men of hundreds of street Willows, Magnolias, 

 trees in Buffahi and other Alders Birch, Spruce, 

 towns. See No. 6. Hemlock, etc., 15 to 25 



feet. 

 Mountain Ash, Shad Berry, Flowering Cherries, 

 15 to 18 feet. 



Judas Tree, Dogwood Tree, Thorns, Junipers, 

 10 to 15 I'oet. 



Lilacs, Sumachs, Aralias, Burning Bush, Althfpa 

 Syringia, Snowball. to 10 feet. 

 'Weigelas, Bush Honeysuckles, Colutea, Privet, 



Fig, 5. Beets thinned and unthinned. 



Calycanthus, Rhododendrons, Flowering Cur- 

 rants, Japan Quince, 4 to 7 feet. 



Forsythia, Barberry, Hydrangea, Spirffia, Hardy 

 Roses, Deutzias, Snowberry, Daphnes, 3 to 5 feet 



Climbing shrubs or vines, 2 to 5 feet. 



9. Distance), apart for seed-fjrown plants. 



Beets, Onions, Spinach, Lettuce, Salsify, En- 

 dive, Garlic, Parsley, Pot Herbs, and in flowers, 



Pansies, Portulacas, Sweet Alyssum, Candytuft, 

 etc., about 1 foot by from 2 to 6 inches apart 



Turnips, Carrots, Parsnips, Celeriac, Chers'il, 

 and in flowers. Phlox, Petunia, Mignonette, etc., 

 about l^j feet by 3 to 6 inches apart. 



Peas, Beans, 2 feet by 2 to 4 inches apart. 



Cabbage, Cauliflower, Celery (6 in . ), Sweet Coi-n, 

 Egg Plant, Pepper, Potatoes, Broccoli, about 3 

 feet by 1 to 3 leet apart. 



Cucumbers, Tomatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Run- 

 ning Beans, Rhubarb, Summer Squash, about 4 

 feet a^<art both ways 



Hills of Melons, Cucumbers, Squashes, etc., 

 about 6 feet apart both ways. 



10. Distances apart for vartons flowering 

 a)id ornamental }3lant^. 



Pi^onies, Dahlias, Hardy Sunflowers and other 

 strong-growing plants, from 3 to 4 feet apart. 



Asters, Balsams, Petunias, Lilies, etc., 1 to 3 

 feet apart. 



The generality of annuals, 6 inches to 2 feet. 



XI. Arrange the fruit and vegetable depart- 

 ment in straight lines, the ornamental in 

 curncs or irregxdar outlines, as a rule. 



Orchards and gardens should be kept cul- 

 tivated, hence straight lines are both more 

 convenient and more pleasing here. 



For trees the form of four (the square) or 

 the form of five (the quincunx) are the most 

 suitable, the first being shown in Fig. 7, 



same trees, etc., arranged more naturally, 

 with curves and irregularity prevailing. 

 The improvement ia obvious. It cost no 





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Fig. 6. Tlic ymall Evergreens seemed far enough 

 from the walk when they ivere planted but six 

 years of grrtwth showed the mistake. See No. 6. 



more to plant by the better than by the 

 poorer plan. 



13. Keep the center of the grass pints open. 



The trees, shrubs and flowers should be 

 arranged towards the margins of the differ- 

 ent grass areas (as shown by Fig. 13), and 

 seldom in the interior (as showTi by Fig. 14). 

 Openness of center causes the lawn to wear 



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Fig.7, Planting to the form Fig. 6. Plantino to the form Fig. 9. Planting large and small 

 of four or Square. See No. 11. of five or Quincunx. See No. 11. kinds together. See No. 11. 



the latter by Fig. 8. Sometimes it is well 

 to plant by the arrangement shown in Fig. 

 9, namely, to set Apple trees in squares, 

 with Cherry, Pear and other smaller kinds 

 midway between. 



Grape vines. Raspberries, Strawberries, 

 etc. , are usually set in lines running but one 

 way. Still if they are placed for lines cross- 

 wise also, it may enable the use of horse 

 labor both ways while the plants are young 

 with a great saving of labor. 



For the vegetable plat avoid the common 

 square form, and instead employ one that is 

 longer than wide, running the rows the 

 longest way, and all parallel, so that the 

 bulk of the work may be done by horse 

 power. See Fig. 10. 



The arrangement of the lawn is rather 

 less easy on the whole than is that of the 

 fruit and vegetable department, for here the 

 object is a tasteful, handsome effect, and 

 this requires some pains to produce. The 

 following rales, together with the illustra- 

 tions, should be of help to planters. 



13. Oenerally avoid straight lines for the 

 laiun. 



Nature teaches the lesson that irregularity 

 in the landscape or ornamental garden leads 

 to the most pleasing effects. Recall all the 

 beautiful natural scenery you have met; 

 and it is throughout devoid of straight lines. 

 Nature abhors straight lines. 



Another point is this : The boundary 

 and building outlines in the vicinity of the 

 lawn and ornamental parts 'are usually per- 

 fectly straight, hence out of accord with 

 Nature's principle of effective arrangement. 

 To therefore have the lawn as pleasing as 

 possible all the more requires, that the lay- 

 ing out be done irregularly for offsetting or 

 relieving the effect of the existing straight 

 lines now too strong. 



Figs. 11 and 12 impress this lesson. The 

 first shows shade and ornamental trees 

 arranged almost as one would lay out an 

 orchard, adding straight lines to straight 

 lines as found in buildings and boundaries. 

 The latter shows the same place and the 



an air of repose, and which is one of the 

 greatest of garden charms. It also serves 

 to secure a better view of the beauty of the 

 subjects planted. These engravings show 

 the same lawn with the same trees and 

 shrubs used. The conclusion is clear. 

 14. Plant ornamental growths in groups 



and masses. 



This is the keynote of the natural style of 

 arrangement, and applies to trees, shrubs 

 and plants, even down to annual flowers; 

 all are finer for being in clumps. 



As a rule the larger trees, and especially 

 Evergreens, should be planted towards the 

 boundaries, with smaller growers, shrubs 

 and plants more towards the interior. A 

 weeping or variegated tree, or a shade tree 

 may here and there be brought away from 

 the boundary for good effect. A lawn will 

 appear to be of greater size if some vistas 



Fig. 10. The best form for the vegetable garden. 



or views are kept open between the tree 

 and shrub groups towards the more distant 

 parts. 



If there are some handsome outside views, 

 leave openings in the marginal plantings 

 for giving such a pretty setting. But if an 



