Notes and Gleanings. 309 



Influence OF the Grafton the Stock. — Since the paragraph with this 

 heading in our July number (page 215) was written, Mr. Guerineau, the gardener 

 of the Cambridge Botanic Garden, informs us that though the graft of AbiUilon 

 Tho)iipsoni\\7iiS been cut off, the shoot belowstillcontinues to produce variegated 

 leaves. 



Canker Worms. — It is time in October to commence to guard against this 

 destructive insect. Wherever it is feared, a box should be placed around the 

 tree with a trough of oil on the edge, or else a strip of sheathing paper round the 

 trunk, to be kept sticky with printing ink. The trough of oil is most effective, 

 the ink is cheapest. 



The Currant Worm. — I have had entire success in protecting my currants 

 from this modern pest, by sprinkling the bushes with common luood ashes. The 

 application must be made, of course, as often as the insects reappear, as in cases 

 where hellebore, air-slaked lime, or any other substance is used for the same 

 purpose. Tlie ashes ought to be sprinkled on when the bushes are wet, other- 

 wise the desired result 7nay not be obtained. G. J. 



WorcesteK, July, 1S71. 



A NEW Way of making Wine and Cider. — The centrifugal machine is now 

 apiDlied with peculiar success in some districts of France to the extraction of the 

 juice of the grapes and apples for wine and cider-making. It is found to get out 

 considerably more juice, and to be much more rapid in its action. It will do well 

 with grapes, for example, in two hours, more work than is accomplished by the 

 press in seventeen hours, with this advantage, that all the juice is of the- same 

 quality, while with the press it is found that only the first runnings will make 

 wine of the very first quality, the long contact of the rest with the skins and 

 stalks rendering it fit only for wines of inferior quality. In the case of cider the 

 use of this machine seems equally advantagous, much less juice being left in the 

 marc, and the extraction being effected with great rapidity. The amount of 

 force required to give a machine of the necessary size a thousand turns a min- 

 ute does not exceed that of a three-horse engine. Gerinantown Telegraph. 



Fences. — The fences of the United States have cost more than the houses, 

 cities included — more than ships, boats, and vessels, of every description. The 

 aggregate cost is put down at $1,296,000,000, while the renewals at the end of 

 every ten years foot up at $129,000,000, besides the cost of repairs. In France. 

 Germany, and Holland, farmers hold their lands in common, with only narrow 

 paths between. In Missouri and California, a reform in the fence laws is stren- 

 uously urged ; and it is our opinion that the time is not far off when radical 

 changes will take place throughout this country in regard to the management of 

 fences. Illustrated Jownal of Agriculture. 



Underdraining. — One important advantage of the underdrain is, that it is 

 at work when the top of the ground is frozen, when, of course, a surface or open 

 drain is inactive ; thus making the subsoil so dry and porous that when the frost 

 comes out the water drops through at once and leaves the ground dry. 



Massachusetts Ploughman. 



