USTILAGO. 297 



are about 20yU in diameter, and form in water promycelia with 

 conidia. In nutritive solutions Brefeld found conidia produced 

 in large numbers, and multiplying by yeast-budding. The 

 promycelial cells grow out as septate branched twigs, from 

 which conidia are abjointed, and after coalescing in pairs, produce 

 germ-tubes. 



Ust. violacea (Pers.).^ Carnation-smut (Britain and U.S. 

 America). In Silene, Viscaria, Saponaria, Dianthus, Stcllaria, 

 Malachimii, Gcrastium, and Lychnis, the pollen sacs of other- 

 wise well-developed flowers become filled with dark-violet 

 spores, which escape and discolour the other floral parts. 

 Pistillate flowers of LycluiiH attacked by this fungus develop 

 stamens containing the smut-spores (p. 27). On germination 

 in water, promycelia of three or four cells are formed, and 

 become detached from the spores. Primary and even secondary 

 conidia are produced, while coalescence of promycelial cells and 

 conidia is common ; but only a few of them produce germ- 

 tulies. In nutritive solution, according to Brefeld, everything 

 proceeds much more vigorously; from tiny conidiophores on the 

 promycelia numerous conidia are produced in succession, and 

 from these other conidia are budded oft' like yeast-cells till 

 nutriment fails, when they grow out to form hyphae. The 

 conidia are longer than those formed in the water-cultures, 

 and coalesce in pairs to give rise to longer and stronger 

 germ-tubes. 



Ust. holostei De Bary on Holosteiini umhellatifm. The host-ovaries 

 heconie filled with spores which germinate to four-celled promycelia from 

 which pairin<r sporidia are formed. 



Ust. Duriaeana Tui. In the ovary of Cerastiiun. 



Ust. major Schroet. On Silene Otites. The spores germinate (udy in 

 nutritive solutions. (Britain.) 



Ust. seminum Juel. In the ovules of Arabis petraea in Scandinavia, 

 'i'lu' spores (in germination produce sini))le hyphae. 



Ust. entorrhiza Schroet. In root-cells of Pisum sativum. 



Ust. pinguicolae liostr. On Pinguicula vidyaris in Denmark. 

 According to Brefeld, the spores germinate equally in water or 

 nutritive solutions, forming three-celled promycelia, which separate 

 from the spore and l)ud off conidia from each cell. 



' Tulasne, ^-l;*?*. d. sciences natur., Ser. in., Vol. vii., 1847. 

 Atkinson (American Carnation Society, 1893), descriljes tliis and otlier smuts 

 fre(|uentiug American Carnations. (Edit.) 



