44 



XATURE 



[May q, 1895 



])rufi:ssors, ihuse at the head of our large schools and seminaries, 

 should receive such salaries as will enable thcni to live adetjuately. 

 By this jiolicy not only would our promising young men be 

 encouraged to pursue learning, but those in the highest places 

 would not be forceil by]xwertyto live in coniiKirative retirement, 

 but coulii l)eci)me active social figures and leaders." 



Involution, and problems l>elonging to it, crop up periodically 

 as subjects of magazine articles. In the CoiUemporary, A. 

 K<jgazzaro, " writer of verses and novels," devotes a number of 

 joges to the ]iolemic Ixittles that have lieen fought over the 

 evolutiotiary idea, from the time of Lamarck. " Kor the Beauty 

 of an Ideal " is the title of his article, which mostly aims at 

 showing how the new wine of evolution may Ix; put into old 

 bottles of Catholic doctrine." .\ jxiiK-r on " Kvolution and 

 Heredity "' is conlribute<i by Dr. G. Symes Thompson to the 

 Humanitarian. .Vn inlrcxluction to a seriesof articles on ** Pro- 

 fessional Instilutiims," by .Mr. Herbert Sjwncer, appears in the 

 Contemporary. The articlc-s will, in their eventual form, con- 

 stitute part vii. of the ** Principles of Sociology." 



Two i)a|Krs in the Ctiitiiry call for brief notice. In one, Mr. 

 \V. E. Smylhe shows how [>arts of the great arid regit)n to the 

 west of the one-hundredth meridian in the United States have 

 l»een benefited by careful irrigation. " The work of reclama- 

 tion has been going forward silently, but gradually and surely, 

 for the iK-tter (art of a generation. Between ten and twenty 

 millions of acres are now under ditch, and s(jme slight rivulets 

 of [x>pulalion have liegun to trickle in U|)on the lands. But the 

 threshold Ls scarcely |>assed. The arid region as a whole com- 

 prises more than 8oo,ooo.oc» acres. ( )f this empire more than 

 half a billion acres is still the projairty of the t'lovernmcnt. ' 

 The second japer to which reference has been made, is a short 

 •lescription of three reprinluctions from photographs of the tree 

 l>eneath which was burie<l the heart of IJr. Livmgstone. The 

 tree was fi>und near the site of the deserted village of Chitambo, 

 on the south shi»re of Lake Bangweolo. L'iH»n it, Jacob Wain- 

 w right, the Nassich lK>y who reiid the Burial Service, chiselled 

 the witrds. still plainly visible, " Or. Livingstone, May 4, 1873. 

 J.azuza. Mni.isere, \'cho]KTe." 



The Kcliijiiary aiii Illustrated Anhuoh^st (\\ix\\)c(m.\Mr& an 

 account, by Mr. Miller Christy, of the exploration of " Dene- 

 holes" in Essex and Kent, conducted by the Essex Field Club. 

 Deneholes are ancient artificial caverns in the chalk, having rleep, , 

 narrow, vertical entrances. 1"hey are found in various ]>arts i»f 

 England, but es|>ecially along the Iwnks of the Thames, in Essex i 

 and Kent. .Mr. Christy has explored many of them, and his 

 opinion as to Ihcir origin is — " On the whole, the only conclusion 

 which it seems as yet .safe to arrive at is that the mystery | 

 surrounding the origin of the Deneholes and the purj^ises of their | 

 makers slillconstilutesone of the most interesting and |>erplexing 

 juoblenvi yet remaining unsolved in British arclueology, |)erhaps 

 we may s;»y in prehistoric British archa.'ol<;gy." 



Mr. .\. .Symons Eccles, in the Xational, writes on " Head- 

 aches." and, in the course of his |>a|x:r, gives the opinion of 

 a di.slinguished neurologist, that almost every man of science of 

 distinction in I.,(mdrm .suffers from sick-headache, or migraine, 

 on account of excessive intellectual activity. Mr. Eccles says 

 if they '* will sil down to dinner in a state of nervous 

 exhaustion, or do brain work <lirectly after taking foixl, they 

 ran hardly ho|x* to escajK.* from an attack of migraine." In the 

 same review. Miss Balfour conchnles the account of her journey 

 through the British South .\frica Com|i!iny's territory, in 1894. 

 .\ brief notice will suffice for the other articles in 

 the magazines and reviews receive<l by us. .\ previously 

 unfmblisheil |>a|K-r of Kichard leffcries' ap|K-ars in Long- 

 man i Mai^-.iiir, and al«i a \*Kn\ by the lale Dr. (1. J. 

 |i,.i,,,,... In the lingliili /////r/ra/crf, the articles from which 

 \ ledge may lie gathered are ".Mountaineering in 

 V' ii'l." by Mr. J. K. Enxser : "Stalking the Haplo. 



• eiui lii ilit .Selkirks," by Mr. W. ,\. Baillie-drohnian ; and a 

 " Mo.irland Myll." by 'Mr. (Irant .Mien. In the Quarterly 

 /' iiily published biographies of Bucklnn<l and 



' ' - the Iiasis for an article on arlvances in the 



^ K> iluriiig this century, (iood H'ordi iimlains 



n short lUu-trated |Ki|>er on the Dandelion, by Dr. Hugh Mac- 



niillan, and one on " The Sea Birds of the La|>e," by the Kev. 



W. fircswell. .\nolher readable article on birds is .Mr. C. J. 



( ..rrii.4h\ " Birils of the Cliffs." in the Suiu/ay Maf^zine. 



/iiuriial has the usual complement >if inslruc- 



• ■ti more or ks, scientific topics. I'lnatly. the 



,. .,.^. ..,.,;. (,iuarterly A'efinr contains contributions by Dr. 



\V. K. CJowcrsand .Sir Henry Howorth. 



NO. 1332, VOL. 52] 



UNIVERSITY Ayn EDLCAJJlKXAL 

 INTELLIGENCE. 



Oxford. — The Term is now in full swing, and the usual 

 courses of lectures are l>eing delivered in the various departments 

 of Natural Science. The changes from last Term's list are, that 

 Sir J. Conroy and Mr. Frederick Smith have returned to Oxford, 

 and are lecturing on Radiation antl Mechanics, respectively, at 

 Balliol antl Trinity Colleges. In the l*hysioU)gica! Department, 

 I'rof. (iotch has begun his duties as WaynHete Professor, and is 

 lecturing on .Mondays and Tuesdays on the Physiology of the 

 Central Nervous System. 



Mr. II. Balfour, Curator of the Pitt-Uivers Museum, has 

 l>een seriously ill, and is absent from Oxford for this Term, being 

 obliged to go abroad for the s;ike of his health. 



In a Congregation, held on Tuesday, May 7, the projwsed 

 Statute on Research Degrees was again unilcr discussion, having 

 reached what is technically known ;isthe twelve-member amend- 

 ment stage. The House reaflirmed by the narrow majority of 

 39 .against 37, the clause which was passed by a large majority 

 last Term, which stales that Science shall be held to include 

 Mathematics, Natural Science, Mental and -Moral Science. 

 Other clauses, mostly of conse<)Uential importance, were added 

 or rejected, amongst them being one of some importance to 

 intending Candidates, which allows residence in the V'acation to 

 count towards the residence of eight terms reipiired by the 

 Statute. 



In (he s;ime Congregation, Dr. E. li. Tylor, Reader in 

 .\nthro|xjlogy. was constituted Professor in .\nlhrop()logy during 

 the tenure of his office as Reader in .\nthropology. 



The .seventh .summer meeting of University Extension 

 and other .Students will l>e helil this year in Oxford. The 

 meeting, as in previous years, will be divided into two |>arts : 

 the first part will last from Thursday evening, .\ugusl i, 

 to .\ugust 12, the second from .-Vvigust 12 to August 26. There 

 will be lectures during Ixith ])arts of the meeting on Natural 

 Science, with clas.ses for practical work. .Vmong the lecturers 

 will be Prof, tlreen. Prof Odiing, Dr. Kinnnins, Dr. i'ison, 

 .Mr. Carus-Wilson, Mr. J. E. Marsh, Mr. I'. (Irooni, Dr. Wade, 

 and Mr. (^i. C. Bourne. 



The fourth "Robert Boyle" lecture of the Oxford University 

 junior .Scientific Club will be iielivered by Pnif. Cruin-Brt>wn, 

 I'.R.S., on Monday next. His subject will be "The Relation 

 between the Movements of the Eyes and the Movements of the 

 Head." 



Cambriuhk.— Mr. W. G. P. Ellis, of St. Catharine's College, 

 h.as been ap|>ointed a Demonstrator in Botany. 



.\pplications for jiermission to occupy the University's tables 

 at the Naples Zoological .Station, and the Marine Biological 

 I.«iboralory at Plymouth, are to be sent to Prof. Newton, 

 .M.agdalene College, by May 23. 



The .Syndicate for .Advanced Study and Kesearch have pro- 

 pped new statutes fiir carrying out the scheme recently approved 

 by the .Senate, and have extended the scheme so as to include 

 ailvanced students in law who are graduates ol other 

 Universities. 



The honorary degree of Doctor of Science is to be conferred 

 on .Mr. I'rancis Gallon, l''.l<..S. 



Mit. .\. E. Tl'I'lo.N has been .appointed Inspector of .Schools 

 and Cl.Lsses under the .Science and .Xrt Departmenl. 



TllK Re|K)rl of the Council of the City and Guilds of 

 I^mdon Institute, u]K)n the work of the Institute iluring 

 the year 1S94, has just Ixjen issue<l. The Council ex- 

 pressed their .s;\tisfaction at the renewal of the contri- 

 [lution of the Cor}Kiration of London to the funds of the 

 Institute. .Special subscriptions have been received, or ])ro- 

 mised, from the .Salters' Company, in addition to their annual 

 subscription, for the encouragement of chemical research ; from 

 the Cordwainers' Company, in addition to their annual subscrip- 

 iicm to the Institute, and the Leather Tnules' .School, for the 

 inspectif)n of classi's in boot and shoe manufacture in connection 

 with the Trchnolugical Examinations Dcparlment, aiul, f<ir the 

 first time, from the Tylers' and Brickl;iyers' and the ('oach- 

 makers' Com|>anies. The pro|H)sal of the .Sailers' Company to 

 place at the disjio.sal of the In.slitute a sum of £,\%0 a year to be 

 .'ipplie<l to founding one or more l''elIow.tliips, to be entitle<l the 

 .Sailers' Coin]>any Kesearch Fellowships for the eiicouragemenl of 

 higher research in Chemi.slry in its relation to manufactures, has 

 alreadv l>een referred to in these columns. The scheme for the 



