48 



NA TURE 



[Mav 9. 1895 



sulphate is ilcscrilKKl in addition to hydrated and anhydrous 

 ammonium-manganous sulphate. — Campholenic acids and amides, 

 hy M. A. Hehal. Isomeric acids and amides have l)een obtained. 

 The solid acid was thought to lie the racemic form of the liquid 

 acid, but all attempts to sei»rate optical isomers have failed. — 

 Double combinations of anhydrous aluminium chloride with nitro- 

 compounds of the aromatic series, by M. (\. I'errier. .\ seriesof 

 iom|iounds of the t\-jx; -MXI,; . iQH^ . CH, . NO.. (1:4) are 

 described, and it is .shown that with nitro-derivatives of the type 

 of paranitrotoluene, Friedel and Crafts' reaction fails. — On a 

 jiossible error by the use of Kehling's solution for the estimation 

 of .sugar in urine from |)ersons submitteti to treatment with 

 sulphoiul, by M. Ph. I.»afon. — On the jianification of brown 

 bread, by M. James Chapjiuis. — <^n the causes which produce 

 the colour of brown bread, by M. Leon Boutroux. tUutcn may 

 ;^ve the colour in bread by desiccation, but not by fermentation. 

 By oxidation «ith air in presence of water, bran may produce 

 the colouration of bread ; but, again, fermentation has no such 

 effect. The acidity of the yeast is a |irotection against browning. 

 — On the ethology of the genus ThaumaUm Kroycr, by M. 

 Alfred Giard. — Obser\ations on the hornets, by M. Charles 

 Janet. — New researches on " la brunissure," by AI. K. Debray. 

 — .-\ction of static s|xirks on the local tenti)erature of regions .sub- 

 mitted to this method of franklinisation, by M. II. Bordier. — 

 Trciilment of a case of .sarcoma by serotherapy, by MM. J. 

 Hericourt and Ch. Richet. — The catastrophe of Laibach, April 

 14. 1895, •>> ^'- Ch. V. Zenger. 



Washi.ngto.n. 



National Academy of Sciences, April 16 20. —On some 

 variations in the genus i;uco|)e, by -A. Agassiz and W. Mc.M. 

 Woodworth ; notes ttn the Florida reef, by A. Aga-ssiz ; the 

 progTes.s of the publications on the expc<iition of 1891 of the 

 U.S. Fish Commi.ssion Steamer Albatross, Lieut. -Commander 

 Z. L. Tanner commanding, by A. Agassi/. ; on soil bacteria, by 

 .M. P. Ravcnel : a linkage showing the laws of the refrac- 

 tion of light, by .\. M. .Mayer ; on the colour relations of 

 atoms, ions and molecules, by M. Carey Lea ; mechanical 

 interpretation of the variations of latitude, by K, S. Wood- 

 ward ; on a new determination of the nutation-constant, and 

 vinie allied topics, by S. C. Ch.indlcr ; on the secular 

 motion of a free magnetic nee<lle, by L. \. Bauer : on the coni- 

 (wsition of expired air, and its effect upon animal life, by J. S. 

 Billings ; .systematic cata!i->gue of ICuropean fishes, by Th. 

 (iill ; the extinct cetacea of North .\nierica, by F. D. Cope ; 

 on the application of a |x;rcenlage method in the study of the 

 distribution of oceanic fishes — (I) definition of eleven faunas 

 and two sub-faunas of deep sea fishes, (2) the relationships and 

 origin of the Carritx;o-Mexican and Mediterranean sub-faun;is, 

 byii. Brown (kkkIc ; on the two i.someric chlorides of ortho- 

 sulpho-ben/oic acid, by Ira Kemsen ; on .some ci>ni|K>unds con- 

 taining twii halogen atoms in combination with nitrogen, by Ira 

 Kcm.scn ; presentation of the Watson Medal to Mr. .Seth C 

 Chandler, Ittr his researches *)n the variation of latitufies, on 

 variable stars, and for his other works in astronomy ; bingra)>hical 

 memoir of Dr. I-ewis M. Kutherfurd, by B. A. Ciould : relation 

 of Jupiter's orbit to the mean plane of four huntlred and one 

 minor planet orbits, by H. \. Newton ; orbit of Miss Mitchell's 

 Comet, 1847 VI, by II. A. Newton. 



New .South Walks. 



Linnean Society, March 27. — Prof. David in the chair. 



Tile I'resiiKiit delivered the annual .iddress, in the course of 



•\\\\\\ reference was made to the recent suit in the F(|uily 



in which the .Society was defendant, brought by the 



r ily of .Sydney to i>blain the declaration of the Court as 



' Instruction of .so much of the will of the late Sir William 



v as relates to his l>e<)uesl of /^I2,ooo for the endowment 



:\ ; and the full text of the judgment of his Honour 



ige in Fquily w,-is read. After suniniarising the 



I ■• - ience iiia<le during the year by the various 



i iiulions and departments, the President |>asse<l 



'ine length Ihc subject of recent research in 



lilt ArclK anil Aiilarctir regions, and especially the im|>ortanl 



■ (Ue^llon outlined bv Dr. John .Murray, namely, that of the 



'' ' ' ' ' '' 'US aiirl systematic exploration of the 



vulh all the appliances of the modern 



" ,. 1 1.iwing gentlemen were elected olfice- 



liearcn anil Council for 1 8<)^. President: llenr>- Dcane. \'ice- 

 Prcjidcnl.'.: Dr. James C. Cox, Prof. W. A. Ilxswcll, Prof. T. 



NO. 1332. VOL. 52] 



\V. E. Davitl. Treasurer : The Hon. James Norton. Council : 

 John Brazier, Cecil W. Darley, Thomas Dixson, J. R. Garland, 

 Arnold U. Henn, A. H. S. Luc;is, J. H. Maiden, C. J. Martin, 

 IVrceval R. Pedley, P. N. Trebeck, Thomas Wliilulegi^c, IVof. 

 I. T. Wilson. 



BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and SERIALS RECEIVED. 



B.x.K^.-l•:lumt;lUs uf Health : Dr. I.. C. rarkt:> (Cluirdiill). A Treatise 



on Practical Chemistry : Dr. K. Clowes, 6ih edition (Churchill). — Chemical 



Technologj-, edited by droves and Thorp. Vol. 2. Lighting (Churchill). — 



' Fern-Growing: E. j. Lowe (Nimmo). — I.* Centenaire de I'KcoIe Normale 



(Paris, Hachetie).— I^ Cause del!" Kra (^ilaciale : L. dc Marchi (Pavia, 



' Fratelli Fusi). — Die Lehre von der Elektrizitat und deren Praktischc Ver- 



\ wendung : Th. Schwartzc (Leipzig, Wel>er). — Physikalischc Krystallo- 



graphie : P. (Iroth, Dritle Auflage, 3 .■\hthg. (Leipzig, Kngelmaiin). — Ixjw's 



Chemical I.^*cture Charts (LowX — I*ie I'hotographic ein Handbuch fiir 



Fach-und Amateur-Photographen : A. Hertzka (Berlin, Oppenheim). — 



Objcct-Lcs-sons in Itotany : E. Snelgrovc, Book 1 (Jarrold). — Dakota 



Grammar, Texts and Ethnography: S. R. Riggs (Washington). — Eleventh 



and Twelfth Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology: J. \V. Powell 



(Washington). 



Pami'HLKTS. — Royal G.-ifdens, Kew : Official Guide to the Museums o 

 Economic Botany, No. 2(l>ondon). — The Franklin Institute: W. H. Wahf 

 (Philadelphia). — Ro>-aI Gardens, Kew: Hand-List of Ferns and Fcrn-Allies 

 cultivated in the Royal G.ardens(Eyre and Spottiswoodc). — Myodes lemmus, 

 it-N Habits and Migrations in Norway (Christiania). — List of the Publications 

 of the Bureau of Ethnologj', &€. (\V.ishington). — An Ancient Quarry 

 Indian Territory : W. H. Holmes (WrLshinglon). 



Seriai_s. — Humanitarian, May (Hutchinson). — Record of Technical and 

 Secondary Education, .'Vpril (M.icmillan). — British Moss-Flora: Dr. B 

 Braithwaite, Aj>ril (the .Author, Claph.im Road). — Botanische Jahrbuchcr 

 fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzcngeographie, Zwanzigsier 

 Band, 3 Heft (Ixiipzig, Engelmann).--Fortnightly Review, May (Chapman). 

 — Internationales Ari.hiv fur Ethnographie, Band viii. Heft 2 (Leiden, Brill). 

 ^Philosophical Society of Washington, Bulletin Vol. xiii. pp. 31-76 (Wash- 

 ington).— Zeitschnft fiir Physikalische Chcmie, xvi. Band, 4 Heft (I.eipzlg, 

 Engelmann).— L'Anthropologie, tome vi. No. 2 (P.iris, Ma.sson). — Scribncr's 

 .Magazine, May (Low). — Geological Ma)^azine, May (Dulau). — Quarterly 

 Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. h. Part a, No. 202 (Longmans).— 

 Geographical Journal, May (St.inford). 



CONTENTS. PAGE 



The Pygmies. Hv Sir W. H. Flower, K.C.B., 



F.R.S : 25 



An Attempt to Popularise Evolution 26 



Steel and the New Iron-Alloys. By John Parry . . 26 

 Our Book Shelf:— 



Slu|) : " Waysiik' and WixxUand Blossoms. A Pocket 

 (hiiilc to liiilisli Wild Klowcrs for the Country 



Kamlilcr."— W. B. H 27 



liarrcit : "The Lcpidoplcra of the British Islands." 



— W.K.K 27 



Ila,as: " (Jucllenkunde. Lehrc von der Bildung und 



vom \<irkoinnien der Quellen und desGmndwassers" 28 

 Letters to the Editor: — 



Uniformilarianisni in Geology. — Prof. Joseph Prest- 



wich, F.R.S. 28 



C.rcen Oysters.— Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S. . 28 



The ( )rij;in of Ihe Cultivated i:incraria. W. Bateson, 2<) 



F.R.S 29 



Tlu- \sMiiii|iiions in Boltzmann's Minimum Theorem. — 



G. H. Bryan 29 



The Lnil of I (cat. E. H. Griffiths; Prof. Oliver 



J. Lodge, F.R.S jo 



The- Kxamiiialioii Curve. {With Diagram). F. 



Howard Collins ya 



IVai-hinj; \oun(,' Pheasants lo IVcU. — S. E. Peal . . 30 



Tliu Haj;dad Dale mark. Colonel A. T. Eraser . . 31 



The Royal Society Selected Candidates 31 



April Meteors. Hy W. F. Denning 33 



Notes 33 



Our Astronomical Column: — 



Kelalive Densilics of Tcrrislrial I'lanels 37 



TheOrhit of Omiet 1S93 IV. (Brooks) 37 



The .Sptilruin of Mars 37 



The .\slronoinical .Sooiety of I'"rance 37 



The Royal Society Conversazione, (///iistralcii.) . . 37 

 The Rarer Metals and their Alloys. II. (Illustrated.) 



Hy Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen, C.B., F.R.S. . . 39 



Electricity and Optics 42 



Science in the Magazines 43 



University and Educational Intelligence . • ... 44 



Scientific Serials 45 



Societies and Academies 45 



Books, Pamphlets, and Serials Received 48 



