I30 



NATURh 



[June 6, 1895 



destroyed. At three metres distant from the original pillar, as 

 much as the narrow ridge would allow, a new pillar was built, 

 the top of which was made level with that of the original one. 

 The measurements made in order to fix the position of this new 

 pillar showed such differences with the original measurements, 

 that these could only lie explained liy a displacement of the 

 original pillar. .\s, however, neither fissures nor local disturb- 

 ances of the ground could be observwl. new measurements were 



PosUwn of PiUoj-s 

 Satlt I. SOOOOO 



G.MaUeja. 



G. Ujttfim 



G. nif/riz 



Ci.MaXi.ni<xjia 



nuide from all the surrounding positions, and it was proved that 

 a displacement of several more pillars had taken place. 



Kig. I shows the position of the pillars before the earthquake : 

 Kig. 2, their displacement by the earthquake. -A detaile<l 

 ilcscription of these measurements was published in the 

 Xaliiuikmtdig Tijdsilirifl, vol. iv. part 3, by Captain Muller, 

 the chief of the triangidati.m |x>rty. The longest distance over 



2)La[llcLctJnjeiri of /\LLcLrs hy e^xriAfu-a^ 



k G St ManafiJ^xn0 



I G Si SaJuarJ)^ft>af 



aSiXiU 



G M*rajti. 



e G. Unhurt 



m G Tu^v- 



& 



Kig. a. 



which a flisplaremcnt was proved to have lakt-n place was 

 iK-'twccn the (filming Mahnlang and the l)«»li»k Halanicja. or 53 

 kilometres. Captain Midler, however, has nr> doul»l that if a new 

 survey were carried on more wjiithward, a displacement of more 

 pillars^ -thai is, a contortion of the surface over a larj^er area^ 

 uf'idd lie found to have taken place. 



Malany, April I4. Til. DelI'RAT. 



NO. 1336, VOL. 52] 



Instinct-Impulse. 



TlIK note published in N.v tl'KH umUr date of .Vpril iS. in 

 reference to my article in the .April number of Miitd, leads me 

 to think that it may be well to explain my reasons for adopting 

 the terminology there and el.sewhere u.sed by me. and which the 

 writer of the note calls in question. I do s<^ with the ho^w that 

 this explanation may lead towards that "consensus of opinion on 

 psychological nomenclature" that the writer of the note thinks is 

 at present impossible. 



The word " instinct," as my critic states, is generally applied 

 " to the manifestation of |wrticular activities." In other words, 

 it is used by the biologist in an objective study of activities in 

 animals, w hen he is not dealing w ith the nature of the conscious 

 states coincident with these activities. It is thus, too, that I em- 

 ploy the word ; but I have extended its use to cover certain mani- 

 fe.stations of activities that do not take a large pl.ice in the con- 

 siderations of the biologist, but that, nevertheless, api^ear to me 

 to be of the same genend nature as those " manifestations of 

 l)arlicular activities" to which the word " instinct" is by current 

 agreement applied. 



What I claim is that the actions of one who is carried away 

 by imitation, and the work of the philanthropist and of the 

 artist, when objectively viewed, appear as '• m-anife-stationsof par- 

 ticular activities," just as much as di> the actions that go with 

 self-defence and tribal jirotection, with care of the young, with 

 nest -building, with migration, &c., and that therefore the tenn. 

 instinct, if applied to one set of such activities, may be applied 

 to all. 



If it be held that the objection to the extension of the use of the 

 term lies in the fact that the activities that I sjx^ak of as due to 

 the "imitation instinct." the "benevolent instincts" and the 

 "art instincts" are not sulficiently parluiiUir, then I must 

 answ er that the fixedness of the actions involved is in all cases ot 

 in<>tinct only relative : that this relative fixedness varies with the 

 different in.stincts. In the self-preservative reactions, for example,. 

 we are able to predict the blow at the enemy, whilst the ver)- 

 varied actions by the animal mother in securing the safety of her 

 young are unpredictable : but who hesitates to speak of the 

 maternal " instincts " ? 



The word " instinct " then, in my view, should be used to 

 indicate the manifestationsofthoseanimal activities which, when 

 we consider them objectively, we see to have become emphasised 

 l)ecause of racial values : of these values the acting animal (even, 

 if he be a man) may have no cognisance whatever. Thi.s^ 

 is the usual use of the word, and there seems to me to be no 

 scientific demami for any change in this us.age. 



f)n the other hand, I have suggested that we use the term 

 " instinct ieelings" to indicate the' con.scious coincidents of the 

 animal .tctivities that we call instinctive ; and I have endeavoured 

 to show that where these instinct actions are relatively fixed ami 

 forceful, then their coincident "instinct feelings" gain names, 

 and form the class of psychic slates known as the "emotion.s." 



Furthermore. I object to the use of the word " impulse " in 

 the description of these activities, as my critic .suggests its em- 

 ployment, especially when they are objectively considered ; for 

 the word " impulse" is in general use<l to indicate those phases 

 of consciousness which are produced by the iiihihitioii of instinc- 

 tive activities that have been stimulated by the presence of the 

 objective condition thitt usually calls them out, but which fur 

 one rc-Lson or another are not at once realised. This, indeed, is 

 the way in which the word is usually employed, not only by the 

 psychologist, but in common speech as well. We speak of having 

 an impulse to strike an enemy, not when we do strike him, but 

 when the instinct to strike is held in check. What is more, I 

 think this word " inipidse " should be employed in this .sense 

 only : for the requirements of science do not demand its use with 

 any other signification. I have discussed this matter of the nature 

 of impulse rather fully at pp. 272. \c.. in my Iniok, " Tain, 

 rieavure, ami .l-.sthetics." 10 which the writer of the al)ove- 

 mentioned note refers. IIknrV RlTCERS MARSHALL. 



New \drk. May 2. 



TlIK term "instinctive" should, in my ju<lgment, be applied 

 to lhi>se .activities which are congenital and which are also 

 relatively definite : the term " instinct " being reserved for 

 the subjective and affective condition of the performance of in- 

 .stinctive activities. Where the definilencss is the result of indi- 

 vidual .icquisiliim the term " instinctive" should not be applied, 

 though it is so used by I'rof. Wundt and others. The modern, 



