NATURE 



[June 20, 1895 



general bearing can be understood. A series of appen- 

 dices containingvocabularies of the Salar, and San-Ch'uan 

 Tu-jen languages, a list of the plants met with, compiled 

 by Mr. W. Betting Hemsley, a table of latitudes and 

 altitudes, and a few meteorological statistics, in some 

 measure makes up for the defects of the diary form. The 

 index, which is all-important in a book of this kind, is 

 unsatisfactory- ; the entries are numerous enough, but 

 they are not descriptive. The mere facts that snow is 

 referred to on twenty-eight specified pages, and sand- 

 stone on forty, docs not assist the reader in the way a 

 well-arranged index should. On the other hand, the illus- 

 trations are excellent, and leave nothing to be desired, 

 except indeed that they were more numerous. 



A map, on the generous scale of thirty-two miles to an 

 inch, gives details of the route, but it is confined to Mr. 

 Rockhill's own surveys, all outside being left blank. 



Mr. Rockhill left Pekin in the hope of crossing Tibet 

 from north to south, by a road leading to India, without 

 touching Lhasa territory. He accordingly made his way 

 through Mongolia, passing by Ordos and Alashan, up 

 the valley of the V'ellow River to Hsi-ning, and collecting 

 the neccssar>' material for a long desert journey, he left 

 Lusar (Kumbum) on Februarv- 17, 1893, passed west- 

 ward through the marshes of Tsaidam, and at the 

 Kaichi Gol, on May 17, turned south-westward with 

 guides who had agreed to take him across the mountains 

 to the Tengri-nor. It was a severe journey : grass for 

 the horses and mules was often scarce ; snow fell at 

 midsummer, and herds of wild-yaks and wild-asses were 

 the only living creatures to be seen. The snow-line 

 appeared to be about 17,000 feet, but no glaciers were to 

 be seen on any of the mountains. At length, on July 6, 

 after three days' travelling without food, supporting life 

 only on tea, the party sighted the tents of the Namru 

 Tibetans, about two days' journey from the Tengri-nor. 

 Here there was safety from starvation, but the tribe 

 being under the government of Lhasa, the inevitable 

 result followed. The tribe mustered sixty or eighty 

 armed men, and with the utmost courtesy the head men, 

 reinforced by officials from Lhasa, forbade any advance 

 southward. After much talking, Mr. Kockhill secured 

 the alternative of returning as he came, or going east- 

 ward to China viA Ta-chicn-lu, which was reached on 

 October i. By avoiding the high road, Mr. Kockhill 

 succeeded in surveying a good deal of new country, 

 and he made many most interesting observations 

 on the people, who in south-eastern Tibet are much 

 more liberal and enlightened than in the neighbourhood 

 of Lhasa. 



On returning to Shanghai the traveller found that in 

 the eleven months since he had left it he had travelled 

 8000 miles, of which he had surveyed 3400 miles, and 

 crossed 69 passes, all more than 14,500 feet above the 

 sea. Three hundred photographs were taken, and be- 

 tween three and four hundred ethnological specimens 

 collected. The journey was in fact a great and a suc- 

 cessful one, though it led to no sensational discoveries ; 

 and we believe that the work of the American traveller 

 from the east will bear the closest comparison with 

 that of the Russian explorers from the north, and the 

 British and Indian sun'cyors from the south. 



Hugh Rohkrt Mii.i.. 



NO. 1338, VOL. 52] 



MIND AND BODY. 



The Philosophy of Mind; an Essay in the Metaphysics 

 of PsycholOi^'. By C. T. Ladd, Professor of Philo- 

 sophy in the Yale University. (Longmans, Green, 

 and Co., 1895.) 



PROF. LADD'S latest book opens with two excellent 

 chapters on the connection between psychology and 

 the philosophy of mind, which lead one to hope great 

 things of the rest of the work. It is refreshing to find an 

 author deliver an energetic and effective protest against 

 the " water-tight compartment " theor)- — that science, 

 and even the science of psychology, can get on without 

 metaphysics — and then turn round and declare in favour 

 of a good healthy realism. It is a psychological fact 

 which is well worth keeping in mind, that we all naturally 

 are, and, even in spite of philosophic training, in our 

 ordinary life remain, dualistic realists. This metaphysical 

 position is implied in all the language of science ; so 

 that, in particular, it is well-nigh impossible to interpret 

 the results of psycho-physics in any other sense. His 

 arguments against the view of consciousness as a mere 

 series of passive states, which he attributes to Prof. James, 

 are well worthy of attention, and further great expecta- 

 tions will be raised in the mind of the reader by the 

 heading of the fifth chapter — "The consciousness of 

 identity, and so-called double consciousness." For surely 

 it is time that professed psychologists should give up 

 ignoring the alleged facts of multiple personality and the 

 various phenomena connected with " suggestion " and 

 " hypnotism." Whence are we to learn about the psycho- 

 logical import of these things if not from them ? But 

 the expectation is unfortunately doomed to disappoint- 

 ment. After making some show of attacking the question, 

 and expressing a pious belief that " the explanation of 

 double-consciousness, when the facts are ascertained and 

 the explanation is made, will be found in extension rather 

 than reversal of the principles already known to apply 

 to the normal activity of body and mind " (p. 168), he 

 " feels obliged for the present to maintain a position of 

 reserve." He admits, indeed, that if an individual should 

 alternate from one condition to another, between which no 

 actual connection by way of self-consciousness, memory, 

 or thought could be traced (and, presumably, <? fortiori, 

 if both conditions should co-exist and manifest them- 

 themselves by diflfcrcnt channels, c.t;. by speech and 

 so-called "automatic" writing), we should have a true 

 case of " double Ego." But he goes on to declare that 

 "no such case, so far as the evidence is as yet sifted 

 and understood, has ever occurred." It cannot be sup- 

 posed that a professor of psychology has never come 

 across the evidence ; we can, therefore, only suppose 

 that he relies upon the cffic.icy of his saving clause ; for 

 such cases have certainly been reported in abundance, 

 though it may be that the evidence with respect to tlicm 

 is not yet thoroughly " sifted and understood." 



The main thesis of the book, however, is the duality 

 of body and mind ; or, at least, the defence of natural 

 dualism against such rival theories as Prof. L;uld con- 

 ceives to be arrayed against it. It may, lu)we\cr, fairly 

 be doubted whether any materialist, s])irilualist, or 

 monist would recognise his own theory among the dum- 

 mies which Prof. Ladd puts up to knock down again. 



