494 



NATURE [September 19, 1895 



ing coal in \-drious parts of soulh-eastern England is not merely 

 <if' local interest : it is of national importance. The time must 

 come when the coal-fields that we have worked for years will be 

 more or less exhausted, and we ought certainly to look out ahead 

 for others, so as to be ready for the lessening yield of those that 

 have servetl us so well. It is on our coal that our national 

 prosperity largely, one may say chiefly, depends, and, as far as 

 we can see. will depend. Let us not neglect any of the bounteous 

 gifts of nature, but let us show rather that we are ready to search 

 for the treasures that may be liidden under our feet, and the 

 finding of which will result in the continued welfare of our native 

 land. 



ArpESDI.\. — List of the Chief Papers on the Old Rocks Under- 

 ground ill Soiith-Easlern England since 1SS9, tvhen the 

 literalttre of the subject was treated of in tie Memoir on 

 t t' London, iS-V. 



Be: . M. Sur le Raccordement des Bassins houillers 



du Nurvl i!l- ki Krance et du Sud d IWngleterre. Annates des 

 Mines and Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eiig , vol. v. (1S93). 



Brady F. Dover Coal Boring. Observations on the Correla- 

 tion of the Franco- Belgian, Dover and Somerset Coal-fields 

 (Svo. 18921 Second Issue, with .Additions, 1S93. Notice by E. 

 Lorieu.\ in Annales des Mines, 1892. 



Dawkins. Prof. W. B. The Discovery of Coal near Dover, 

 NatI'RE, vol. xli.,]^p. 418,419; Iron and Coal Trades Gazette : 

 Contemporary /wT /<-7<', vol. Ivii. pp. 470-47S. The Search for 

 Coal in the South of England, Proc. Koy. Inst, (nine pages) ; 

 Xatire, vol. .\lii. pu. 319-322. The Discovery of Coal 

 Measures near Dover, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, vol. .\x. 

 pp. 502-517 (1890). 



The Fvriher Discovery of Coal at Dover and its Beanng on 

 the < ■ . Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc, vol. xxi. pp. 



456- ; 



On i.ij - ■ !-K.-xstem Co.il-field at Dover, Trans. Manchester 

 Geol. So... vol. xxii. pp. 4SS-510 : The Probable Range of the 

 Coal Mea-surcs in Southern England, Trans, Ted. Inst. Min. 

 Eng., vol vii. f thirteen pages and plate) (1894). 



Ilnrri'; n. \V. J. On the Search for Coal in the South East 

 ■ : w ith Special Reference to the Probability of the 

 1 la Coal-field beneath Essex (twenty-eight pages and 



.>v.r. Birmingham (1894). 

 In ing, Rev. Dr. \. The Question of Workable Cail 

 .McLiurcs beneath Essex. Herts and Essex Observer, July 

 14. 1894- 

 Martin, E. A. On the Underground Geology of London. 

 ,■ Gossip, No. 335, pp. 251-254; No. 337, pp. 11-15 

 •^o. 1893). 



I'rof. .\. W., and Prof. T. E. Thorpe. Magnetic 



. British Isles, Phil. Trans., vol. clxxxi. (see pp. 2S0, 



:e 14) (1891) ; A [xjpular account by Prof. Riicker 



iile Underground Alountains, Good Words, January* 



: ^90. 



Toplcy, W. Coal in Kent. Trans. Fed. Inst. Min. Eng., 



vol. i. pp. 376-387 (1892). 



VVTiilakcr, W. Coal in the South-East of England, Joiirn. 

 Soc. Arts, vol. xxxviii. pp. 543-557 ; Suggestions on Sites for 

 C<5al-scarch in the South-East of England, Geol. Mag. dec. iii. 

 vol. \-ii. lip. 514-516(1890). 



Wliit.ikcr. \V. . .-ind A J. Jukes-Browne. On Deep Borings 

 ' ' Wiiikfield, with Notes on those at Ware .iml 



. ' /•'iirn. Geol. Soc, vol. i. pp. 4S8-514 (1S94). 



Tl' -Coal Boring and Development .Syndicate 



... lis by T. V. Holmes. J. E. Taylor, and 



\\. Will. IK. r TinMii pages, Svo. I|)swich), (1893). Partly 

 reprinleil in Essex Naturalist. 



Omitted from Notice in 1889. 



Drew, F. Is there Coal under London? Science for All, 

 V(,l. V. pp. 324-328. 



Kirkci. A. .Sur rExtciuion en Anglctcrre du Bassin houiller 

 I " '.;•.•. Ann. Soc. Giol. Belg. t. x. Bulletin, \>\). xcii.- 



I 'n the Prolnbility of Finding Coal in the .South- 

 Ka-M pp. ii. 22 (8vo, Keigatc), (1886). 



To| Ml the Correspondence between .some Areas of 



Apisuci.: I j -■ .ival and the Thickening of Subjacent Beds. 

 (,>iiirt. friirii. I, col. Soc , vol. XXX. (see pp. 1 86, 190 195), (1874). 

 .See alvi .Mcm'iir " The Geology of the Weald," pp. 241, 242, 

 pl.vi. (1875J. 



NO. I 35 I, VOL. 52] 



SECTION D. 



ZOOLOGY. 



Opening Address by Willi.\m A. Herdman, D.Sc, F. R.S., 

 F.L.S., F.R.S E., Professor of N.vrfiiAL History in 

 University College. 



This year, for the first time in the history of the British Asso- 

 ciation, Section D meets without including in the range of its 

 subject-matter the Science of Botany. Zoology now remains as 

 the sole occupant of Section D — that " Fourth Committee of 

 Sciences," as it was at first called, more than sixty years ago, 

 when our subject was one of that groui> of biological sciences, 

 the others being Botany, Physiolog)-, and .\natomy. These 

 allied sciences have successively left us. Like a prolific mother 

 our Section has given rise one after another to the now inde- 

 |)endent Sections of Anthropology, Physiology, and Botany. 

 Our subject-matter has been greatly restricted in scope, but it is 

 still very wide — this year, when Section I, devoted to the more 

 special physiology of the medical physiologist, does not meet, 

 fK'ihaps a little w ider than it may be in other years, since we are 

 on this occasion credited with the subject " .-Vnimal Physiology " 

 — surely always an integral part of Zoology ! It is to be hoped 

 that this Secti<m will always retain that general and comparative 

 |)hysiology which is inseparable from the study of animal form 

 and structure. The late Wayntlete Professor of Physiology at 

 Oxford, in his Newcastle address to this Section, s.iid " that 

 every appreciable difference in structure corresponds to a ditVer- 

 ence of function" (Burdon-Sanderson, "British .Association 

 Report" for lS89),and his successor, the present Waynllete Pro- 

 fessor, has shown us " how jwinlless is structure apart from 

 function, and how baseless and unstable is function apart 

 from structure" (Gotch, "Presidential -Address to Liverpool 

 Biological Society," vol. ix., 1894) — the "argument for the 

 simultaneous examination of both " in that science of Zoology 

 which we profess is, to my mind, irresistible. 



We include also in our subject-matter, besides the adult struc- 

 ture and the embryonic development of animals, their distribu- 

 tion both in space and time, the history and structure of extinct 

 forms, spcciography and classification, the study of ihe haliits 

 of animals and .all that mass of lore and philosophy which 

 has gathered around inquiries into instinct, breeding, and 

 heredity. I trust that the discussion of matters connected 

 with Evolution will always, to a large extent, remain with this 

 Section D, which has witnessed in the past the addresses, 

 papers, discussions, and triumphs of Darwin, Huxley, and 

 Wallace. 



When the British Association last met in Ipswich, in 1S51, 

 Section D, under the presidency of Prof. Ilenslow, still included 

 Zoology, Botany, and Physiology, and a glance tluough the 

 volumes of reports for that and neighbouring years recalls to us 

 that our subject has undergone great and striking developments 

 in the forty-four years that have claimed. Zoology was still /»/•<■- 

 Darwinian (though Charles Darwin was then in the thick of his 

 epoch-making work — both what he calls his " plain barn.icle 

 work" and his "theoretic si>ecies work") (see "Life and 

 Letters," vol. i. p. 380). Although the cell-theory hail been 

 launched a decade before, zoologists were not yet greatly con- 

 cerned with those minute structural details which have since 

 built up the .science of Histology. The heroes of our science 

 were then chiefly those glorious field naturalists, observers, and 

 systcmatists who founded and established on a firm basis British 

 Marine Zoology. Edward Forbes, Joshua Alder, Albanj- 1 Ian- 

 cock, were then in active work, lieorge Johnston was at his 

 zoophytes, Bowerbank at sponges. Busk at polyzoa. I'orlies' 

 short brilliant career was nearly run. He probably did mote 

 than any of his contemporaries to .advance marine zoology. In 

 the previous year, at the Edinburgh meeting of the A.ssociation, 

 he and his friend M.ac.Andrew had read their classic re|>urts 

 (" British .Association Report " for 1850, p. 192 — et sci/.), " On 

 the Investigation of British Marine Zoology by Means of the 

 Dredge," and "On .South ICuropean Marine Invertcbrata," 

 which mark the high-water level reache<l at that dale, and lor 

 some time afterwards, in the exploration of our coasts and the 

 explanation of the distribution of our marine animals. At the 

 Belfa.st meeting, which followed Ipswich, Forbes exhibited his 

 great map of the distribution of marine lite in " llomoiozoic 

 Belts." In November 1854 he was dead, six months after his 

 appointment to the goal of his ambition, Ihe professorship at 

 Edinburgh, where, had he lived, there can be no doubt he would, 



