Influence of Environment 211 



and more vigorous than the controls in which the weak are pre- 

 served along with the strong. 



Pearl found that the offspring of alcoholized chickens were on 

 the whole stronger than those from normal animals and he 

 attributes this to the elimination of weaker germ cells and em- 

 bryos, so that only the most sturdy survive. The work of both 

 Stockard and Pearl leaves no grounds for doubting that alcohol 

 injures many germ cells and Stockard has demonstrated that such 

 injured cells may give rise to defective individuals and that this 

 injury may persist through two or three generations. The facts 

 that spermatozoa are affected even more than ova and that the 

 injury persists to the third filial generation show that the chro- 

 matin of these cells is injured. Undoubtedly chromatin as well 

 as cytoplasm may be injured by various unfavorable conditions, 

 and if the injury is not too great it may persist through several 

 generations and may cause defective development ; but this is 

 probably a different thing from the "inheritance of an acquired 

 character" ; its effects are seen not in particular characters but in 

 a general weakening of development ; not in mutative changes in 

 genes, but in their temporary injury. 



In venturing to apply Stockard's discoveries to human beings 

 it should not be forgotten that his guinea pigs were alcoholized 

 to a degree far greater than ever occurs in man. Some of them 

 that were five years old had been kept intoxicated for more than 

 four years. It is probable that the use of alcoholic beverages never 

 produces such serious effects on germ cells as in the case of these 

 guinea pigs which were compelled to inhale the fumes of strong 

 alcohol throughout the greater part of life. Elderton and Pear- 

 son made a mathematical study of children, approximately nine 

 years old, from temperate and from intemperate parents and they 

 concluded that parental alcoholism had practically no effect upon 

 them. However, the more serious the injury to germ cells the 

 sooner they die and it may be that children that survive for 

 nine years come from germ cells that were least injured, while 

 those that were more seriously injured produce individuals that 

 died before or shortly after birth. 



