28 The Higher Usefulness of Science 



and significant and interesting as our own selves, just 

 as they are with great naturalists. 



Look now in summary at what man's effort to know 

 himself had accomplished by the time Socrates was 

 compelled to drink the deadly cup. 



First, the urgency of the problem had been more 

 definitely and keenly felt than ever before. In the 

 second place, it had been formulated with a fullness 

 and definiteness that had not hitherto been approached. 

 Further, the twofoldness of man's nature, his spiritual 

 group of attributes and his physical group had been 

 so sharply differentiated from each other that they had 

 seemed to belong to two distinct realms of existence. 

 So different in kind were the two groups seen to be 

 that it was conceived they must have originated in 

 antipodal parts of the universe and that their being 

 together must be more or less fortuitous and tem- 

 porary. The ultimate essence of man could not con- 

 tain so much that is incongruous, contradictory, and 

 even actively hostile, reasoned the leaders of thought 

 of this early period. And so the two great currents of 

 interpretation of man were started that have flowed 

 down through the centuries of western civilization, each 

 sometimes quite oblivious of the other, while at other 

 times mingling more or less, too often in bitter jealousy 

 and strife as to their respective rights and powers and 

 excellencies. But it must be remembered that the sep- 

 aration has not always existed, with the whole human 

 species. That it has particularly characterized west- 



