96 Tlfie Higher Usefulness of Science 



among men, are truths of what we may call bio-inte- 

 gration. The phenomena under this head have been 

 forcing themselves upon the attention of biologists 

 with special insistence during the last two or three 

 decades. Appearing first in the realm of embryology 

 under the ill-defined caption "the organism as a whole," 

 investigation made manifest the inadequacy of the cell 

 theory as applied to the developing individual. The 

 essence of this discovery was that while the cells of an 

 embryo are independent units in a sense, in an equally 

 important sense they are subordinate to a higher unit, 

 the organism itself. Otherwise stated, the discovery is 

 that integration is as primal and essential a phenome- 

 non in the development of the individual as is differ- 

 entiation. 



Passing from embryology to physiology through 

 such discoveries as those on the integrative action of 

 the nervous system and of the internal secretions, we 

 are now reaching the conception that within the indi- 

 vidual coordination of labor among its cells and organs 

 is as primal and essential a phenomenon as is division 

 of labor. 



Simultaneously with these advances in embryology 

 and physiology, psychology has moved swiftly forward 

 along the road of integration. The psychology of the 

 human individual has made great strides in demonstrat- 

 ing the interdependence of the physical and spiritual 

 aspects of man. This it has done chiefly through re- 

 vising its basal conceptions so as to make them include 



