Biology's Contribution to a Theory of Morals 97 



the affective and emotional sides of man's nature as well 

 as his intellect, which almost alone received serious con- 

 sideration by the old introspective psychology. 



Finally psychology has now pushed its frontier far 

 enough into the domain of man's social relations to 

 begin to give definiteness to the hitherto illy defined 

 popular assertion that man is a social being. The ex- 

 treme outpost of progress in this direction is the 

 recognition that the individual mind in the sense of 

 the Pure Reason psychology of two or three decades 

 ago is an abstraction. The demonstration that man's 

 existence as a self-conscious being is conditioned on 

 the existence of other objects, some conscious and 

 some non-conscious, is the highest point yet reached 

 in the discovery of the integratedness of nature in 

 attaching a clear meaning to the phrase the system of 

 nature; for it reveals not only physical man, man with 

 the attributes of size, form, weight and physical and 

 chemical activity, but also spiritual man, man with the 

 attributes through which are created the fine arts, 

 literature, the physical and social sciences, religion 

 and so on, as an integral part of the system. 



That this contention that the series of bio-integra- 

 tions thus briefly sketched, extending without interrup- 

 tion from the very chemico-physical and cytological 

 basis of organisms up through the whole living world 

 to the most complex phenomena presented by civilized 

 man in society, constitutes the biological groundwork 

 of a science of morals, I earnestly commend to all 



