CIas.il/ication of the Order 0.<tariophij4. 29 



aiul its allies, in wliicli the cluithra are iiioie expaiKled aiul 

 t'uiicated anteriorly ; all tlie American ffoiiera seem to be 

 Leuciscines, and Alburnns and Abrmnis also pertain to this 

 j;roui), to which Rhodens is nearly related ; the Barhui 

 j;ruu|) differs in that the eleithra are distinctly emarginate 

 anteriorly. 



These characters are not sufficiently well marked for the 

 detinition of subtamilies, and others, such as the pharyngeal 

 dentition, the form of the pharyngeal process, &c., are of use 

 only in defining genera or small gioups of genera. 



Giinther's Cyprinina seems to be a natural group, after 

 exchiding the North-American genera, but to it should be 

 added Rohleichtliijs and Osteohiama, with the osteological 

 characters of JJarbus, and doubtless Le/dobarbus and Mi/slaco- 

 leucus also ; Tinea seems to be nearer to JJarbus tlian to 

 Leuciscus. Tiie Kasborina and Danionina should be united 

 and some of the Abramidina should be added to this group, 

 some to the Leuciscina. Xenocypris is a Leuciscine, and the 

 aberrant Seviiplolus is, perhaps, nearest to it. Hypophthalm- 

 ickthys is nearly related to tiie Bardius group. 



Thanks to tlie kindness of Mile. Dr. (J. L. Popta, I have 

 been able to examine a specimen of the remarkable Bornean 

 Cyprinid, Gyrinochilus pustulosus, Vaill. This fish is 

 evidently closely related to Discognathus, which it resembles 

 in form, scaling, structure, and position of the fins, structure 

 of tiie air-bladder, inferior mouth with the united lips ex- 

 j)anded and papillose, and even in the groove on the snout 

 and the disposition of the tubercles on the head. Gyrino- 

 chilus differs externally from Discognathus especially in the 

 much broader lips, folded when retracted and when expanded 

 recalling the suctorial disc of Petroniyzon, and in the structure 

 of the gill-opening, the upper part of wliicli forms an in- 

 halent orifice, the opercular membrane being curved inwards 

 in front of the pectoral arch in this region. As described 

 and figured by Vaillant, each branchial arch has a double 

 series of gill-rakers developed along the upper edge of the 

 gill, filtering the inhalent current of water. Internally 

 Gyrinochilus is remarkable chiefly for the very long and 

 much convoluted intestine, the slender toothless lower pha- 

 ryngeal.^, the absence of a horny pad, and the reduction of 

 tlie pharyngeal processes of the basioccipital to a pair of short 

 blunt projections, much as in some Cobitidse and llomalo- 

 pteridas. 



Extraordinarily aberrant as Gyrinochilus is, its place in 

 the system seems to be in the family Cyprinidse next to 

 Crossochilus and Discognathus ; to make it the type of a 



