THE NORTHERN HARDWOODS REGION 



285 



often be possible to handle the type intensively enough to 

 warrant the use of this system. 



5. Old-Field Conifers. — Here again the treatment advised 

 for a similar type in the spruce region applies. The old-field 

 conifers type is mainly composed of stands of spruce, which can 



Fig. loi. — The hardwood type. An irregular stand marlced for a selection cutting and 

 tliinning combined. Ash and maple are favored. Most of the trees removed are 

 beech. 



be handled in the manner described for the old-field spruce type 

 in the spruce region. 



Clear cutting and replanting is especially advised, whether 

 the stands are spruce, pine, larch, or hemlock, as being the 

 simplest and in reality the cheapest method of reproduction. 



Logging Methods — Market Conditions - 

 — Ownership of Woodlands. 



Industries 



Logging Methods. — Logging is conducted in small operations, 

 and often is carried on by farmers. The forest is too broken up 

 by cleared lands, and too Httle virgin timber remains to permit 

 operations on a large scale. Owing to their weight it is necessary 

 to cut the hardwood trees into short logs, rather than to remove 



