372 



FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND 



cleared and devoted to grazing or else altogether protected from 

 stock and utilized for timber crops. Eventually the separation 

 of the two industries will be the most profitable. 



Protection against Insects and Fungi. — There are no serious 

 insect pests threatening the wholesale destruction of the sprout 

 hardwood forests. Various borers attack the wood of the 

 chestnut, oak, and hickory, usually effecting entrance through 



Fig. 140. — The effect of grazing. In foreground, grazed land, formerly wooded. All the 

 growth except cedars kept out by the cattle. To left, ungrazed land thickly stocked 

 with young hardwoods. 



iire scars. This injury affects the quality of the timber, but can 

 be prevented only by stopping the forest fires which assist the 

 insects in entering the trees. 



The chestnut bark disease is the most serious pest in the 

 region. Its effect on forest management has already been dis- 

 cussed. In the present state of knowledge it must be classed 

 as a forest pest which there is no practicable way of combating.^ 



Watershed Protection. — As in the white pine region, water- 

 shed protection is needed here in order to assist in keeping cer- 



1 See Chapter VII, where the habits and work of the chestnut bark disease 

 are given. 



