120 XATI'l^VL HISTORY OP^ HAWAII. 



lliti-lu-(.ck and Mtli.Ts to wniraiit 1lic (-(>iirlusit>ii that deposits of the Tertiary, 

 IMM-lwips the Koceiie period, Un-m the fouiuhition on which the volcanic mass of 

 tlie nri-iiial ishind of Kaala was formed. These eruptive deposits began to be 

 laid down uudrv water, hiil in lime the cone of Kaahi built itself above the 

 ocean perhaps three thonsand feet higher than the tallest peak of the Waianae 

 Hanire as we know it today. In ivality the range is but the remains of a great 

 .Ininc. ni-.iv or less symiiicl ri.-al. that at first arose above the waters. By the 

 «'rosive acticm of copious i-aiiis brought then as now from over the sea, it was 

 drcplv eaten away on all sides until its ancient form was very nearly etfaced. 

 Duriiii; this period it slowly accumulated a stock of plants and animals from 

 other reirions. partly from othci' islands uenv and far and partly from the distant 

 continents about tlic ocean. 



Subsefpiently the island which may be called Koolau, only twenty miles to 

 the north, was developed In' a succession of eruptions, much as Kaala had develop- 

 ed before it. until its lavas and the soil eroded from them banked up several hun- 

 dred feel al)out the fo(»1 of the older adjacent island-mountain, uniting the two 

 islands into one and forniiiig the plain of Wahiawa. It is asserted that Koolau 

 extended fai'ltiei' uoi'theast than at present and that the active center of the 

 crater iinist have been beyond the foot of the Pali. 



A.s soon as conditions became favoi'a])le. limestone began to form as coral 

 reefs. prolialil\- lii-st about the older island and later about them lioth. It has 

 continued to be foi-med to the ])resent day through the various chemical, physical 

 and 1)io]ogic agencies. Artesian well borings i" and other sources of in- 

 foiiiiation have revealed data to prove that during this immensely long period 

 the sui'l'ace III' the island stood much higher than at present. 



The Pali ci-ater and a doubtful crater near the head of Xuuauu Valley 

 give evidence of i)eriodic activity during this time, such as the eruption of 

 the cellular or viscular lava, the formation of olivine laccoliths, and the intrusion 

 of dikes of solid basalt that tilled in ti.ssures in the older mass. The last evidence 

 of activity at the Pali ai)pears in the form of an eruption of ash, clinkers and 

 lava. 



About this time Kapuai ami Makakilo craters in the Laeloa region at the 

 east end of the Waianae Range, and perhaps one or more of the Tantalus 

 craters, weiv formed. Then came the ejection of some of the lavas met with 

 in the sinking of artesian wells and the formation of certain of the Laeloa 

 craters, also those at Kaimuki, Mauumai. and perhaps Rocky Hill, though Dr. 

 Bishop places the eruption of the solid basalt which completely blocked the 

 mouth of Manoa Valley at a much earlier period ; but as its lower end extends a 



10 por example the famous Keologic land mark, the Campbell well, at the west base of Diamond 

 Head, after penctratiiij; the surface gravel and beach sand for fiftv feet and tufa, like Diamond Head. 

 for 2 70 feet, entered a strata of "hard coral rock like marble" .505 feet thick. Stratas of dark In-own 

 clay, wu.shed gravel, and deep red clay were below and overlaid soft white coral twenty-eight feet thick: be- 

 ginning at 1048 feet below the surface, stratas of stone-like rock, brown clay, and broken coral were next 

 penetrated, when the drill entered the first hard blue lava at a depth of "122.3 feet. A thin strata of 

 black and red cla.v was passed through, and the boring stopped at 1500 feet, after entering 249 feet into 

 brown lava. Xumerous other wells in different parts of the island show similar, though varying, evidence 

 of deeply submerged coral beds which, as they form onlv at or near the surface, bear mute testimony 

 of the periodic subsidence of the island. 



