GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF HAWAII. 187 



In 1869 lava was seen far down in llaleniauiiiau. Two years later (1871) 

 Halemanmau had filled up to overflowing, and the lava ran two miles to the 

 north over the crater floor. By August the crater was emptied again. In 

 1872* Halemaumau again filled and was overflowing, but the action was confined 

 within the black dome, on the summit of which was the molten lake, on a level 

 with the black ledge about the crater, marking the height of former eruptions. 



In 1874 the crater, after subsidence, became active again, and four small 

 lakes were reported. During 1875* two craters developed on the partially-filled 

 floor, to which lava had been gradually added by flows in the crater since the 

 activity of 1868. During 1876 activity in the south ^ and the north lake ^ con- 

 tinued with frequent overflows on the floor of the main crater about them. 



By May, 1877* Halemaumau was empty again. During this year the pit 

 crater Keanakakoi was found to be filled with boiling lava. By September, 1878, 

 Ijoth "lakes" in the crater were very active again; several extensive flows from 

 them ran over the crater floor. In the early part of the year 1879 both lakes 

 were active, but on April 21st the bottom dropped out, the lava disappearing 

 within the pit from whence came much vapor and gas. By June both lakes were 

 active again, throwing up jets of lava above the rim of the lake. Later exten- 

 sive flows occurred on the main floor. On July 15th the sulphur bank in the 

 crater at the south end was set on fire by a flow from Halemaumau. During 

 1880* both lakes continued active. 



During the period between 1865 and 1880, the outer walls of the crater were 

 found to have completely changed. The floor was now raised in the form of a 

 broad flat dome, the apex of which was but 300 feet below the Volcano House, 

 or 417 feet below Uwekahune; while the lov/est point on the floor was near the 

 north wall where the lava was 650 feet below the Volcano House. Throughout 

 the year 1881 both lakes continued active. During 1882 the same general con- 

 ditions continued with occasional flows on the crater floor. Similar conditions 

 to those of 1882 continued through the year 1883. The "Little Beggar" 

 spatter cone along the trail to Halemaumau was formed on March 31st, 1884. At 

 this time the "new lake" located beyond and to the left of Halemaumau 

 was active. In 1885 it was noted that there had been but little change in condi- 

 tions in the crater since 1882. The submarine eruption of¥ Puna on January 

 22, 1884, was attributed to Kilauea. On March 6th, 1886, both Halemaumau 

 and the "new lake" were overflowing. Thirty-six hours later the lava in both 

 had sunk out of sight, leaving a hole 590 feet below the rim of Halemaumau, or 

 1,017 feet below Uwekahuna, but by the middle of July the lava liad retiinied 

 again. 



By August 1887* lava was overflowing from the edge of HalemauniHU. Con- 

 ditions continued during 1888 about the same as in the preceding years, with the 

 exception that "Dana Lake," a small crater on the west of the iiiaiii pit. was 

 quite active with occasional overflows. On November 4tli, 1889, the very large 

 fissure on the floor of the crater''' opened without warning. The activit\' of tlu> 



* Halemaumau. ° Called Kilauea. " Now .spanned by a hridse. 



* Years marked by eruptions on Mauna Loa. 



