lXTR(^l)rrEn IM.AXTS AXD AXT>rALS. 287 



slane or pussly ^^ ot our uardeiis; two species of ])epper urass ;■♦- a sensilive 

 plant *'■' with tine leaves and snnill, found. ])iid\ish tiower heads : the tlca-hnnc.** 

 the ilit)he ot" the natives; the eoeivlebur/"' ^rowinL;' almost pei'cuMi;dl\' and 

 occasionally attaining a diameter of three inches at the o'round : the sand 

 hurr:^'' the Jamestown weed;'" the phiidaiu:^'' the wihl un-jiniuiii ;'■' and, 

 lastly, and perhaps worst of all from an a'^^i-icnltural poiid of view, the nut 

 grass, coco grass or Japanese grass — a pest repi-oducinLi by nn1dil<e l)idl»s and 

 by seed, and necessitating the utmost care to eradicate fi-om mltixatcd fiehls, 

 lawns and gardens. Among the more common of the related species,''^ often 

 called luit grass, is one that first appeared in Hawaii about the year 1850 ;ind 

 has since spread to all cultivated lands. In this species the tul)ers of the root- 

 stoek liave a curious pungent taste. 



Livestock. 



This account of agriculture would be incomplete witiiout at least a pass- 

 ing reference to the live stock of the islands. All of the domestic aidmals 

 have been introduced since the first visit of Captain Cook. In many instances 

 live stock has had more to do with ])i'inging about the altered condilions wilh 

 which the native fauna and floi'a have had to contend than ;dl the other 

 agricultural pursuits put together, epoch-making as they hav(^ been. 



The first cattle and sheep were introduced in 17!)4 by Vancouver and 

 landed at Kealakekua Bay, and in time became wild in the mountains on all 

 the islands. A large proi)ortion of all the meat consumed in the isbinds is 

 home-grown. Formerly cattle were so abundant that they were slaughtered 

 for their hides and tallow, but that time has long since passed. Horses were 

 first brought to Haw^aii in 1808. They were landed at Kawaihae and La- 

 haina and were the progenitoi's of the islaiul strain of horses. Pigs and goats 

 of English breeds were first introduced in 1778 by Captain Cook. Turkeys 

 were introduced as early as 1815. 



Wild cattle, sheep, hogs and goats were allowed to i-un at will in I lie 

 forests, with the result that the animals trampled down the undei-growth and 

 destroyed the bushes, even digging up the roots of many of the moi-e nuti-itious 

 of the forest growths. Owing to the exposure of theii- I'oots ;ind stems, many 

 of the larger trees died and soon after became infested with insects, whitdi in 

 turn multiplied in proportion to the increased supply of their favorite food. 



" Portulaca oleracea. *'^ Lcpidium Virftinicum and SeneMera didi/ma. ^^ Mimoxa i>udira. 



** Kriiieron Canadensis. *= Xanthium struiiiariiiiii. *'* Cenchnis cchiiuitus. *' Datura Strunioiiiiim. 



^'^ I'laiifai/o major. *' Geranitnii Carotiiiianidii. 



^'' Kylliiifja monocpphala, a species often confused with several si)ecies of tlie n luted genera of Cyperacem. 



^^ f'!/l"'rus rotinidus. 



