THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 391 



tennte and distinct eyes. The females are always wingless and generally, 

 though not always, remain fixed at some one spot. In many species tlie 

 female soon dies, leaving her body as a protection over the eggs until the 

 young have hatched and begin to rove about in search of food, which they 

 secure by puncturing the plant and sucking up the sap. 



Scale insects are more numerous within the tropics than in llie more tem- 

 perate regions. They multiply i-apidly and are very injurious to jolant 

 life. They infest a large number of fruit and ornamental trees in the 

 islands, and are already firmly established, w^th representatives of most if not 

 all the more injurious species found on the mainland, as well as from Aus- 

 tralia and the Orient. In spite of the precautions taken to prevent their im- 

 portation, along with other injurious insects, new species occasionally gain 

 an entrance, and it is to be expected that they Avill continue to arrive in the 

 future. 



Like the apliids, their common name is generally derived from the plant 

 infested by them, or at least the one on which they were first discovered or on 

 which they are most prevalent; but it may also refer to the color or shape or 

 some peculiarity of the insect. In addition to the sugar-cane mealy-bug 

 already noted, we have the avocado mealy-bug,- occurring on avocado, fig 

 grape, guava, mulberry, soursop, asparagus, etc. ; the ivy scale,^ the oleander 

 white-scale,^ occurring on oleander, mango, banana and avocado ; the avocado 

 scale ^ and pineapple scale,^ occurring also on the Canna, Hibiscus, and a list 

 of such plants. The last species may be readily distinguished from the Pine- 

 apple mealy-bug,'^ which is a larger insect with a soft body that is white all 

 over and is provided with well-developed legs. The cottony guava-scale ^ is 

 found on coffee, citrus fruit, etc. ; the black scale ^ on sisal and Ceara rubber ; 

 the cotton or globular mealy-bug.^ ^ on cotton, grape, citrus fruit, mulberry 

 and other plants; the citrus or common mealj^-bug,^^ which is one of the com- 

 mon, though by no means the only species of the class infesting citrus fruit in 

 the islands. 



Other citrus scales worthy of mention are the Florida red-scale,^- Avhieh 

 also infests bananas, mangoes and palm trees, including the cocoanut; the 

 green-scale^^ and two or three other species. The large cottony-scale'^ infests 

 coffee, mangoes, oranges and ferns. The flat black-scale ^^ occurs on the 

 banana, fig, pepper tree and Ceara rubber. The hemispherical scale ^"^ and 

 palm mealy-bug ^' are species found on the palms. Others found on the plants 

 for which they are named are the rose scale. ''^ the peach scale,'" the pepper- 

 tree scale, -"^ also found on wild guava ; the bamboo scale. -^ the croton scale. -- 

 the pit or algaroba scale, -"^ the cottony-cushion or fluted scale,-"* on the black 

 wattle. The list might easilv be extended, but the foregoing will be sufficient 



- Pscudoeoccus nipiv. ^ Ax/ndiotus hedertv. * Phenacaspis eugenice. 



^ Aspidiotus perseariim. " Diaspix hromflifv. ~ Psi-iidornccvx hromelicv. ^ Pulvinaria psidii. 



^ Saissetia olece. ^^ Pseudococcus fiUnnmldsus. ^^ Purudoromis citri. 

 1- Chrysomplmhoi ficiis = Chrpsoniplinhis oinii(lin)(. ^^ Cdfcit.s riridis. ''^^Piilvinaria mammece. 



'^^ Saisxefia nigra. ^^ Saisxetin lifiinspfwuira. ^' Pseitdordrciin sp. '^^ Aulacaspis roscB. 



"^^ AuUicaspis pentagnna. -" Anpidiotits hnitiniiw. -^ Astcrolerainum viiliaris. 



-" Lepid<>sii]))ii's pnlHdd. -^ Asterulet-anium pii.st idini.t. -* Icerya purrhiixi. 



