THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 399 



The newly-hatched larvit of tlie silkworm is black or dark gray and cov- 

 ered with long, stiff hairs. But as the worm moults it becomes lighter and 

 lighter in color until during the last of the larval period it is creamy white. 

 The cocoon is spun by the worm about itself as a protection and a retreat in 

 which to pupate. It ranges in color through several shades of white, green 

 cream and rose, and varies greatly in size. To secure the silk the cocoons 

 are heated in water or in an oven until the insect is killed ; the end of the 

 thread is then secured and the cocoon unwound. The adult insect is a beau- 

 tiful creamy white moth with two or more distinct brownish lines across the 

 fore wing, and with the abdomen and thorax thickly covered with wooly scales. 



From two to three thousand years before the Christian era, probably five 

 thousand years ago, the silkworm was well and favorably known in the Far 

 East where, in China, silk culture was a well-established industry. 



The Cabbage Butterfly. 



The slender green cabbage-w^orm in due time becomes a cabbage-butter- 

 fly,'^^ and is the white butterfly commonly seen about gardens in the islands. 

 It was doubtless introduced from America, wdiere it has long been an intro- 

 duced pest. It was first observed in the islands about 1900, and is therefore 

 known as the imported cabbage worm. The species is kept under control in 

 Hawaii by parasites, among them a very ininute fly.'^*' 



The Sweet Potato ?Iorn-Worm. 



A conspicuous insect, liable to attract attention, first in the larval state, as 

 the large green or brownish horn-worm on sweet potato, and certain morning- 

 glory vines, and later as the humming-bird moth that flies about our electric 

 lights, is in reality the sweet potato sphinx-moth or sweet potato horn-worm.^^ 

 The worm-like caterpillars often attain a length of three or four inches and 

 are voracious feeders, stripping the leaves from the plants infested. The moth, 

 by reason of its size and the whirring noise produced by its wings, is usually 

 called the humming-bird moth. It measures about three and a half inches 

 across the extended wings, and is tlu^ largest common motli in the islands. 



The Cotton Boll-Worm. 



The cotton plant in Hawaii, if it successfully survives the attacks of stem 

 maggots, wireworms, cutworms, aphids, Japanese beetles, mealy bugs, scales 

 and leaf-rolling caterpillars is liable at last to the attacks of the ])ink cotton 



"^ Pieris rapce. '^'^ Tachimd. ^'' Protopnrce ■= (Sphinx) ronrolviiH. 



Descriptiox of Plate. 



1. Spliiiix, or nuiiiiiung-bird Motli (Si'Jun.r connilridi). 2. Ddlrpltildlincata. ,3. Deile- 

 ■phila caVida. 4. Agroiis crinitjera. 5. Fi/raJis niauritialis. 6. Amorbia emifjratclhi. 7. 

 Liica'iui hofiica. 8. Lycwiia hoetica (inverted). 9. Ellimia colondla. 10. Siphanta acutd. 

 11. FerMnsiella saccharicida. 12. Pcregrinits maidas. IM. Zelus rennrdii. 14. Qichalia 

 grifica. !'>. Coleotichus blarlhunnd: Hi. Slater or Pill-lnio; (Porcellin scaher). 17. Ani- 

 solahis annidipr.s. 18. Scorpion {Isonwtrus macidatus). 19. Centipede (Scolopendra ra- 

 pCHs). eo. .^rillilled(> (Species indet.). 



