THE AXLMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 403 



leathery marine auiinals with tlie mouth ;it one end ui' the Ixxlv. whidi is 

 sometimes surrounded with tentack^s which may be expanded or withdrawn. 

 They appear to bear but little resemhl;iii.-c to their cousins, the sea-urchins, or 

 their second cousins, the starfish, but if one is closely examined it will be 

 found to resemble the sea urchins in cortnin fundamental features, especially 

 in possessing a ringed canal about the mouth wliicli gives off tubes that i-un 

 up and backward to supply water to the tube-feet Avhen they are present. 

 AVhile they are far from being star shaped and are without the long, s]i;ir|. 

 spines of the typical sea-urchins, they appear to trace their ancestry back to ;i 

 generalized starfish-like animal, and for that renson they are all included in 

 the one great phylum. -^ 



An energetic collector may secure a half dozen species on a single expe- 

 dition on the reef at low tide, but if one turns to Dr. Fisher's very compre- 

 hensive paper based on the Albatross collection, the list of Hawaiian species 

 will be found to be a much more extensive one. 



Of the forty-four species of sea-cucumbers enumerated by tiiis careful nat- 

 uralist, nineteen are described for the first time. The fauna is placed in four 

 families, including twenty-one genera in all. Perhaps a dozen species are 

 liable to be gathered from the tide pools on the reef, but as they are ditfieult 

 to describe in popular terms, they are even more difficult to identify. .\ few 

 forms, however, may be recognized by their popular lunnes or simple de- 

 scriptions. 



To all of these animals the Hawaiians applied the class name loli. Imt 

 several species were recognized by definite specific names, such as loli kai. 

 which grows about six inches long and is eaten raw or cooked; loli jma. the 

 large black species often fifteen inches in length, which was also eaten, ami loli 

 koko, which is red inside and was not eaten by the natives. 



The names thus applied by the Hawaiians are fairly accurate and con- 

 stant throughout the group. As the definite detection of the characters which 

 separate the species in most cases can only l)e made out by the examination 

 of the calcareous deposits in the skin of the animal, tlu'ir classification is a 

 far too difficult problem for the average collector. But to collect specimens of 

 many of the species is an easy task, since they are sluggish, inactive creatures 

 which lie buried in the sand or seek shelter underneath stones or in the 

 crevices in the coral reef. The large, dai'k-brown. lil;iekisli species with 

 ambulacral feet scattered all over the body.-- eonuuonly fouml in lava rock jioois, 

 is perhaps as well known as any of the group owing to its size when ailult. 

 A reddish, heliotrope-purple or brownish-purple species -•'* frequently found 

 in company with the large black oiu' just nuMitioned. and a brown oi- reddish- 

 brown species-^ of large size with a whitish ventral surface, are also c(»ninion 

 in shallow water. A well-knoAvn species-"' on the Honolulu reef is about 

 three inches long and variously colored, the tentacles being straw color, the 



^^ Erhinodermatn. -- IloUithuria atra. ^^ Eolothuria cinftasfcns. -* Ilolothtiria ratjahunda. 



-^ Holothuria pardnlis. 



