ANIMALS OF THE DUNES 



163 



base of the inner wing is bright coral red. The basal half of the 

 inner face of the hind femur is Prussian blue. The females of 

 the straight-lance and sword-bearing grasshoppers are provided 

 with long ovipositors. In the former (Fig. 170) the ovipositor 

 is longer than the hind femur, and the sides of the body are 

 green. In the latter (Fig. 171) the ovipositor about equals the 

 length of the hind femur, and also the length of the body. 

 Among the insects no group exhibits more sharply defined 

 zonal limitations than the orthoptera. • While some species are 

 cosmopolitan, the majority are found only in definite situations 



Figs. 168-171: Fig. 168. — Sprinkledlocnst, ChloeaUis cons persa; Fig. 169. — 

 Coral-winged locust, Hippiscns tuhcrculatiis; Fig. 170. — Straight-lance grass- 

 hopper, Xiphidium strictmn; Fig. 171. — Sword-bearing grasshopper, Conocephaliis 

 ensiger. 



with clearly marked borders that are rarely overstepped. One 

 might name many of the associations with the characteristically 

 present orthoptera. Thus, the digger w^asp association might be 

 called the maritime locust association. The bronze tiger associa- 

 tion could be quite justly called the narrow-winged locust asso- 

 ciation, while the ant-lion association might be designated the 

 coral-winged locust association. 



Both in this and the succeeding association the oaks are 

 attacked by gall flies and other gall-forming insects that rear 

 their young in the different sorts of galls induced by their ovi- 

 position. Such galls seem to be more abundant on the dunes 

 than elsewhere. Some thirty different sorts can be collected 

 on the oaks in this and the succeeding mixed oak association, 



