THE CLIMAX FOREST AND ITS PREDECESSOR 221 



The oak-hickory forest, with scattered individuals of black 

 cherry, walnut, and linden, is the prevalent type on the moraines 

 about Chicago. It 

 also is stratified as is 

 the beech-maple 

 forest, though the 

 undergrowth is as a, 

 rule not as tall nor 

 as abundant. Hazel, 

 dogwood, and the 

 wild rose are among 

 the common shrubs. 

 The spring herbace- 

 ous plants are simi- 



, Fig. 297 Fig. 298 



lar to those Ot the p^^^ ^^^^ ^^g. -pj^ 297.— Pawpaw swallowtail, 



beech-maple forest. PapUio ajax, on pawpaw; Fig. 298.— Spicebush 



Goldenrods, asters, swallowtail, P. troilus, on spicebush. 



and sunflowers are abundant in the fall. Ferns are at times 

 abundant, but only a few of the ferns found in the beech-maple 



forest are present in 

 the oak-hickory 

 forest. The com- 

 mon ones are cin- 

 namon fern, the 

 interrupted fern, the 

 sensitive fern in the 

 moist areas, and the 

 brake in open spots. 

 There are char- 

 acteristic animals 

 in the soil, on the 



Fig. 299. — Cicada, Cicada linnei, and nymph of a ground and in the 

 cicada, the one below much enlarged. From Lugger, i.., r j 



^ ^^ htter of decaying 



leaves close to the ground. There are specific societies on the 

 fungi and in decaying logs, a society peculiar to the forest 



