CHAPTER XI 



BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS AND CICADAS 



Swallow-tails of Hazara — Sexual display — Protective coloration in butter- 

 flies — Butterflies resembling leaves — Protectively-coloured moths — 

 Enemies of butterflies and moths — Instinctive fear of enemies — Rainy 

 season in Hazara — Habits and musical organs of Cicada. 



I HAVE a few observations to make on the Lepi- 

 doptera. The butterflies of the valley were not 

 specially attractive, but many beautiful kinds fluttered 

 through the higher woods. In the open glades were 

 bright-coloured species that love the sunlight. Here 

 different species of Colzas, Pie7'is, Vmiessa, Argynnis 

 either hasten from flower to flower or collect into 

 quivering groups over the moist patches on the ground. 

 In the shade of the trees are more sombre species, 

 chiefly of Satyrus and Ypthima. For a few weeks 

 the woods are thronged with species. Every glade is 

 gay with life. Then, as if by magic, all in a few days 

 disappear and new forms take their place. 



Swallow-tails of most beautiful colour fly overhead 

 or dart swiftly down the slope. The widespread 

 Papilio mac/iaou occasionally appears. Its soft yellow 

 wings are veined and bordered with a dense black, 

 marked above with yellow crescents and adorned 

 beneath with spots of pink and blue. From the hot 

 plains even to the line of permanent snow this butter- 

 fly may anywhere be found ; but nowhere does its 



196 



