252 A NATURALIST IN HIMALAYA 



towards the object which excites the anger, and the 

 animal hisses or emits a deep guttural snarl. These 

 marked changes of facial expression and utterance of 

 sound also serve their purpose ; they give to the 

 animal a fierce and savage appearance, and are there- 

 fore of service to it by causing it to strike terror into 

 the mind of the creature against which its anger is 

 directed. I have never seen the hair erected durin<r 

 a state of rage, nor could I be certain that distinct 

 hair movements ever occurred or were definitely 

 associated with any emotion. 



When the animal is enduring displeasure, but not 

 amounting to anger, the above expressions are made 

 manifest to a slight degree ; but when the anger 

 amounts to rage or savagery they are pronounced in 

 a more exaggerated manner. 



Although on analysis the emotions of fear and anger 

 seem to be very similarly expressed, yet a comparison 

 of the illustrations immediately shows that in the 

 former the animal appears cowed into submission and 

 ready to retreat rather than advance towards its enemy, 

 while in the latter he appears to be full of anger and 

 spoiling for the fight. 



(4) Distress 



Pain, though a most powerful sensation, can scarcely 

 be considered an emotion. Its presence, however, 

 gives rise to forcible emotionary outbursts so tangibly 

 associated with those of fear and rage as to be incapable 

 of separate recognition. An animal in pain must be 

 in distress, and this certainly is an emotion. It must 

 also be terrified or enraged, and it is therefore not 

 possible to describe any series of characteristics solely 



