90 TURPID.E. 



leave in the autumn to winter in more southern countries 

 and return in spring, and hence are Summer Visitors. It 

 is also a Winter Visitor from northern continental Europe, 

 and a Bird of Passage to and from its northern summer and 

 southern winter haunts beyond our shores. 



General Distribution. The Blackbird breeds throughout 

 the greater part of Europe. It is a partial migrant, being 

 much more plentiful in winter in the southern parts of its 

 range. Allied forms inhabit Spain, south-east Europe, the 

 Atlantic Isles, north-west Africa, and parts of Asia. 



Turdus torquatus. RING-OUZEL. 



Turdus torquatus Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 170 : 

 Sweden. 



Merula torquata (Linn.); Seebohm, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, 



p. 246 (part.). 

 Turdus torquatus B. O. TJ. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 5 ; Sounders, 



Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 15. 



Torqudtus=fTom torques, a collar. 



Distribution in the British Islands. A Summer Visitor to 

 the hill-country and moorland areas of the British Islands as 

 far north as the Orkneys. Rare in the Outer Hebrides. A 

 Bird of Passage in spring and autumn between its northern 

 summer and its southern winter quarters. Occasionally 

 Wintering. 



General Distribution. The Ring-Ouzel breeds in Scan- 

 dinavia and winters in southern Europe and northern 

 Africa. 



Turdus torquatus alpestris. 

 ALPINE RING-OUZEL. 



Merula alpestris C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. 

 Deutschl. 1831, p. 377 : Tyrol. 



Merula torquata SeeboJim, Cat. Birds B. M. v. 1881, p. 246 

 (part.). 



