SURNIA. NYCTALA. 133 



General Distribution. This Owl inhabits the northern 

 parts of North America from north-west Alaska and Hud- 

 son Bay southwards to Montana and Ungava. In winter 

 it migrates rather farther south to Washington, Ohio, 

 Indiana, and Nebraska. 



Genus NYCTALA C. L. Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1271. fl. C. 

 Type : N.funerea (Linn.). 



Nyctala, from Gk. vi>KraX6s=nocturnal. 



Nyctala funerea. TEXGMALM'S OWL. 



Strix funerea Linnceus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93 : Sweden. 



Nyctala tengmahni (Gmel.) ; Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, 

 p. 284; B. O. L T . List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 88; Saunters, 

 Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 299. 



Fu-nerea=ot a funeral, fiinus. Hence ill-boding, dismal ; an epithet applied 

 to Bubo by Ovid, Metam. x. 226 & 453. 



Distribution in the British Islands. An Occasional Visitor 

 which has occurred about twenty times in England, chiefly in 

 the eastern counties from Northumberland to Suffolk, while a 

 few have been recorded from other parts. In Scotland it 

 has been captured twice : on Cramond Island, Firth of 

 Forth, Dec. 1860, and near Peterhead, Feb. 1886. In the 

 Shetland Islands it has been met with twice : in Nov. 1901 

 and Jan. 1908. 



General Distribution. Tengmalm's Owl inhabits northern 

 and central Europe up to 68 N. latitude in Scandinavia 

 and north Russia, extending almost to the limits of forest- 

 growth. Southwards it ranges to the Pyrenees, Alps, 

 Carpathians, and Orenburg, and eastwards through western 

 Siberia to the Yenesei. In autumn and winter it is migra- 

 tory. In the Caucasus and in eastern Siberia it is said to 

 be represented by slightly different races, and in Kamchatka 

 by a larger, more distinct form. In North America, N. f. 

 richardsoiti, another closely allied representative, is found. 



